ACC / AHA / NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices

underlined text) will be available on the ACC, AHA, and NASPE Web sites in the near future. A summary article highlighting the changes to the guideline from 1997 to 2002 will be published in the October 15 issue of Circulation and the November 6 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology and is also available for download on the ACC, AHA, and NASPE Web sites. See below for the full text of the guideline. These guidelines have been reviewed over the course of the past 4 years since their publication (Full Text—J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1175-1209; Executive Summary—Circulation 1998;97:1325-1335). This update is based on the most significant advances for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices that have been published during that time frame. These guidelines are available on the Web sites of the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Deleted text is indicated by strikeout, and revised text is underlined.

[1]  E. Donoso,et al.  UNUSUAL FORMS OF SECOND-DEGREE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK, INCLUDING MOBITZ TYPE-II BLOCK, ASSOCIATED WITH THE MORGAGNI-ADAMS-STOKES SYNDROME. , 1964, American heart journal.

[2]  J. F. Keane,et al.  Atrial flutter in the young: a collaborative study of 380 cases. , 1985, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[3]  J. Kaltman,et al.  Effects of dual-chamber pacing for pediatric patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. , 1997, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[4]  A. Camm,et al.  Fatal and nonfatal cardiac arrest in patients with an implanted antitachycardia device for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. , 1988, The American journal of cardiology.

[5]  L. Rydén,et al.  A Double‐Blind Study of Submaximal Exercise Tolerance and Variation in Paced Rate in Atrial Synchronous Compared to Activity Sensor Modulated Ventricular Pacing , 1992, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[6]  K. Lurie,et al.  Termination of Implantable Pacemaker Therapy: Experience in Five Patients , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[7]  W. Williams,et al.  Arrhythmia and mortality after the Mustard procedure: a 30-year single-center experience. , 1997, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[8]  J. Kupersmith,et al.  Myotonic dystrophy: ambulatory electrocardiogram, electrophysiologic study, and echocardiographic evaluation. , 1987, American heart journal.

[9]  E. Krongrad Prognosis for Patients with Congenital Heart Disease and Postoperative Intraventricular Conduction Defects , 1978, Circulation.

[10]  A. Moss,et al.  Efficacy of Permanent Pacing in the Management of High‐Risk Patients With Long QT Syndrome , 1991, Circulation.

[11]  S. Rahimtoola,et al.  Survival in patients with intraventricular conduction defects. , 1978, Archives of internal medicine.

[12]  A. Benchimol,et al.  Clinical spectrum of the sick sinus syndrome. , 1977, Arizona medicine.

[13]  D Tripodi,et al.  Results of permanent dual-chamber pacing in symptomatic nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. , 1994, The American journal of cardiology.

[14]  G. Lamas,et al.  A simplified method to predict occurrence of complete heart block during acute myocardial infarction. , 1987, The American journal of cardiology.

[15]  B. Gersh,et al.  Role of invasive electrophysiologic testing in patients with symptomatic bundle branch block. , 1987, The American journal of cardiology.

[16]  A. Tajik,et al.  Effect of dual-chamber pacing on systolic and diastolic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Acute Doppler echocardiographic and catheterization hemodynamic study. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[17]  M. Fisher,et al.  Dual-chamber pacing with a short atrioventricular delay in congestive heart failure: a randomized study. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[18]  A. Auricchio,et al.  Improvement of Cardiac Function in Patients with Severe Congestive Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease by Dual Chamber Pacing with Shortened AV Delay , 1993, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[19]  J. Langberg,et al.  Catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction with radiofrequency energy. , 1989, Circulation.

[20]  M. Rubenfire,et al.  The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 2. Indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker insertion. , 1978, Circulation.

[21]  A. Jonzon,et al.  Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block in adult life. A prospective study. , 1995, Circulation.

[22]  L. Wexler,et al.  Frequency and mechanism of bradycardia in cardiac transplant recipients and need for pacemakers. , 1991, The American journal of cardiology.

[23]  Richard P. Lewis,et al.  Guidelines for clinical intracardiac electrophysiological and catheter ablation procedures. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Intracardiac Electrophysiologic and Catheter Ablation Procedures), developed , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[24]  J. Gallagher,et al.  Catheter technique for closed-chest ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system. , 1982 .

[25]  P. Denes,et al.  Syncope in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Significance, causative mechanisms, and clinical implications. , 1974, Annals of internal medicine.

[26]  W. Kapoor,et al.  Tilt table testing for assessing syncope. American College of Cardiology. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[27]  S Schofield,et al.  Benefit of Single Setting Rate Responsive Ventricular Pacing Compared with Fixed Rate Demand Pacing in Elderly Patients , 1991, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[28]  A. Camm,et al.  The Response of Regular Re‐entrant Supraventricular Tachycardia to Right Heart Stimulation , 1979, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[29]  E. Bodor,et al.  Congenital complete heart block associated with QT prolongation. , 1992, European heart journal.

[30]  B. Gersh,et al.  Symptomatic "isolated" carotid sinus hypersensitivity: natural history and results of treatment with anticholinergic drugs or pacemaker. , 1986, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[31]  M. Brignole,et al.  Neurally mediated syncope detected by carotid sinus massage and head-up tilt test in sick sinus syndrome. , 1991, The American journal of cardiology.

[32]  S. A. Levine,et al.  Some Clinical Features of Complete Heart Block , 1956, Circulation.

[33]  R. Dewey,et al.  Use of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to identify high-risk patients with congenital complete heart block. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[34]  D. Steinhaus,et al.  Mobitz Type I Atrioventricular Block: An Indication for Permanent Pacing? , 1996, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[35]  H. Kulbertus,et al.  Association of right bundle-branch block with left superior or inferior intraventricular block. Its relation to complete heart block and Adams-Stokes syndrome. , 1969, British heart journal.

[36]  E. Prystowsky,et al.  Influence of tachycardia cycle length and antiarrhythmic drugs on pacing termination and acceleration of ventricular tachycardia. , 1983, American heart journal.

[37]  A. Garson,et al.  Diagnosis, management, and long-term results of patients with congenital complete atrioventricular block. , 1982, Pediatrics.

[38]  E. Kaplinsky,et al.  Wenckebach A-V block: a frequent feature following heavy physical training. , 1975, American heart journal.

[39]  S. Swiryn,et al.  Significance of Block Distal to the His Bundle Induced by Atrial Pacing in Patients with Chronic Bifascicular Block , 1979, Circulation.

[40]  G. Laufer,et al.  Sinus Node Dysfunction After Orthotopic Cardiac Transplantation: Postoperative Incidence and Long‐Term Implications , 1992, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[41]  Recommendations for pacemaker prescription for symptomatic bradycardia. Report of a working party of the British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group. , 1991, British heart journal.

[42]  H. Hörtnagl,et al.  Long-term efficacy of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in the treatment of end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. , 1992, The American journal of cardiology.

[43]  M. Rosenqvist,et al.  Results of atrioventricular synchronous pacing with optimized delay in patients with severe congestive heart failure. , 1995, The American journal of cardiology.

[44]  S. Rahimtoola,et al.  Natural history of "high-risk" bundle-branch block: final report of a prospective study. , 1982, The New England journal of medicine.

[45]  R. Peters,et al.  Prophylactic permanent pacemakers for patients with chronic bundle branch block. , 1979, The American journal of medicine.

[46]  J. Mcanulty,et al.  Bradycardia-mediated tachyarrhythmias in congenital heart disease and responses to chronic pacing at physiologic rates. , 1990, The American journal of cardiology.

[47]  A. Tonkin,et al.  Clinical implications of electrophysiology study findings in patients with chronic bifascicular block and syncope. , 1988, Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine.

[48]  A. Fitzpatrick,et al.  TILTING TOWARDS A DIAGNOSIS IN RECURRENT UNEXPLAINED SYNCOPE , 1989, The Lancet.

[49]  E. Donoso,et al.  NONSURGICAL ACQUIRED HEART BLOCK * , 1963, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[50]  R. Kenny,et al.  HEAD-UP TILT: A USEFUL TEST FOR INVESTIGATING UNEXPLAINED SYNCOPE , 1986, The Lancet.

[51]  E. Michelson,et al.  Bradyarrhythmias: clinical significance and management. , 1983, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[52]  M. Rosenqvist,et al.  Diagnostic value of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with bifascicular block: a prospective study of patients with and without syncope. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[53]  R. Sutton,et al.  Long-term prognosis after acute anterior infarction with atrioventricular block. , 1977, British heart journal.

[54]  D Tripodi,et al.  Long‐term Results of Dual‐Chamber (DDD) Pacing in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Evidence for Progressive Symptomatic and Hemodynamic Improvement and Reduction of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy , 1994, Circulation.

[55]  M. Chiariello,et al.  Effects of dual-chamber pacing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy on left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and on diastolic function. , 1996, The American journal of cardiology.

[56]  E. Wigle,et al.  His Bundle Electrogram in Bundle‐Branch Block , 1972, Circulation.

[57]  P. Brugada,et al.  Clinical Experience with Implantable Devices for Control of Tachyarrhythmias , 1984, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[58]  J. Triedman,et al.  Benefits and Potential Risks of Atrial Antitachycardia Pacing After Repair of Congenital Heart Disease , 1995, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[59]  J. Mccomb,et al.  Long‐Term Pacing in Heart Transplant Recipients is Usually Unnecessary , 1991, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[60]  Johansson Bw Complete heart block. A clinical, hemodynamic and pharmacological study in patients with and without an artificial pacemaker. , 1966 .

[61]  G. Gregoratos,et al.  Guidelines for training in adult cardiovascular medicine. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[62]  R. Levine,et al.  Pseudo‐Pacemaker Syndrome Following Inadvertent Fast Pathway Ablation for Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia , 1993, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[63]  P. Coumel,et al.  DDD Pacing: An Effective Treatment Modality for Recurrent Atrial Arrhythmias , 1988, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[64]  G. Noon,et al.  Sudden death caused by bradycardia and asystole in a heart transplant patient with coronary arteriopathy. , 1991, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[65]  R. Peters,et al.  Long‐term Management of Recurrent Paroxysmal Tachycardia by Cardiac Burst Pacing , 1985, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[66]  C. Kanakis,et al.  Twenty-four hour continuous ECG recordings in long-distance runners. , 1982, Chest.

[67]  F W Prinzen,et al.  Asymmetric thickness of the left ventricular wall resulting from asynchronous electric activation: a study in dogs with ventricular pacing and in patients with left bundle branch block. , 1995, American heart journal.

[68]  R. Watson,et al.  Survival in second degree atrioventricular block. , 1986, British heart journal.

[69]  J. Perloff,et al.  Cardiac conduction in the Kearns-Sayre syndrome (a neuromuscular disorder associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia and pigmentary retinopathy). Report of 2 cases and review of 17 published cases. , 1979, The American journal of cardiology.

[70]  J. Manfreda,et al.  The natural history of primary first-degree atrioventricular heart block. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[71]  J. Griffin,et al.  Permanent triggered antitachycardia pacemakers in the management of recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. , 1985, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[72]  L. Thuesen,et al.  Prospective randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing in sick-sinus syndrome , 1994, The Lancet.

[73]  J. Conti,et al.  Bradycardia after heart transplantation: reversal with theophylline. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[74]  R. S. Eliot,et al.  CHRONIC POSTSURGICAL COMPLETE HEART BLOCK. WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PROGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND A NEW P-WAVE PACEMAKER. , 1963, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[75]  C. Fisch,et al.  OBSERVATIONS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR INVOLVEMENT IN FRIEDREICH'S ATAXIA. , 1963, American heart journal.

[76]  S. Saksena,et al.  Comparison of Clinical Benefits and Outcome in Patients with Programmable and Nonprogrammable Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators , 1992, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[77]  C. Perret,et al.  Intraventricular conduction disturbances in acute myocardial infarction: short- and long-term prognosis. , 1980, European journal of cardiology.

[78]  P. Gillette,et al.  Actuarial Survival of Transvenous Pacing Leads in a Pediatric Population , 1993, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[79]  A. Greenspon,et al.  Incidence of unwarranted implantation of permanent cardiac pacemakers in a large medical population. , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[80]  L. Thuesen,et al.  Long-term follow-up of patients from a randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing for sick-sinus syndrome , 1997, The Lancet.

[81]  A. Jacobs,et al.  Incidence and prognostic implications of heart block complicating inferior myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy: results from TIMI II. , 1992, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[82]  R. Litwak,et al.  SURGICAL TREATMENT OF COMPLETE HEART BLOCK. AN ANALYSIS OF 36 CASES. , 1964, JAMA.

[83]  S. Barold Indications for Permanent Cardiac Pacing in First‐Degree AV Block: Class I, II, or III? , 1996, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[84]  A. Camm,et al.  Clinical Experience with Implantable Scanning Tachycardia Reversion Pacemakers , 1984, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[85]  S. Saksena,et al.  Prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation with chronic dual-site right atrial pacing. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[86]  P. Fletcher,et al.  VDD Pacing at Short Atrioventricular Intervals Does Not Improve Cardiac Output in Patients with Dilated Heart Failure , 1994, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[87]  A. Castellanos,et al.  Prognostic Significance of the Electrocardiogram in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease , 1981 .

[88]  D Tripodi,et al.  Impact of Dual‐Chamber Permanent Pacing in Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Symptoms Refractory to Verapamil and β‐Adrenergic Blocker Therapy , 1992, Circulation.

[89]  W. Stevenson,et al.  Cardiac involvement in myotonic muscular dystrophy (Steinert's disease): a prospective study of 25 patients. , 1984, The American journal of cardiology.

[90]  A. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Permanent pacing for cardioinhibitory malignant vasovagal syndrome. , 1994, British heart journal.

[91]  V. Parsonnet,et al.  Usefulness of an implantable antitachycardia pacemaker system for supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia. , 1986, The American journal of cardiology.

[92]  R. Peters,et al.  Value of the H-Q interval in patients with bundle branch block and the role of prophylactic permanent pacing. , 1982, The American journal of cardiology.

[93]  J. Gowers,et al.  Survival in sinoatrial disorder (sick-sinus syndrome). , 1980, British medical journal.

[94]  Å. Swahn,et al.  Prognosis of patients with complete heart block or arrhythmic syncope who were not treated with artificial pacemakers. A long-term follow-up study of 101 patients. , 2009, Acta medica Scandinavica.

[95]  U. Goldbourt,et al.  Prognostic significance of second-degree atrioventricular block in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. SPRINT Study Group. , 1993, The American journal of cardiology.

[96]  J Brandt,et al.  Long-term pacing in sinus node disease: effects of stimulation mode on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. , 1988, American heart journal.

[97]  K. McDonald,et al.  Functional assessment of patients treated with permanent dual chamber pacing as a primary treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. , 1988, European heart journal.

[98]  N. Depasquale,et al.  Natural history of combined right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock (bilateral bundle branch block). , 1973, The American journal of medicine.

[99]  Lukas Kappenberger,et al.  Effects of dual-chamber pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy , 1992, The Lancet.

[100]  S. Deshpande,et al.  Comparison of cardiac pacing with drug therapy in the treatment of neurocardiogenic (vasovagal) syncope with bradycardia or asystole. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[101]  W. Stevenson,et al.  Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: evidence for selective, genetic electrophysiologic cardiac involvement. , 1990, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[102]  M. Eldar,et al.  Permanent cardiac pacing in patients with the long QT syndrome. , 1987, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[103]  A. F. Mackintosh Sinuatrial disease in young people. , 1981, British heart journal.

[104]  M. J. Rice,et al.  Paradoxic Embolism Due to Altered Hemodynamic Sequencing Following Transvenous Pacing , 1991, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[105]  E. Epstein,et al.  Myocardial ultrastructure and the development of atrioventricular block in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. , 1981, Circulation.

[106]  S. Connolly,et al.  Dual-chamber versus ventricular pacing. Critical appraisal of current data. , 1996, Circulation.

[107]  S. Swiryn,et al.  Natural History of Chronic Second‐degree Atrioventricular Nodal Block , 1981, Circulation.

[108]  Eric Simrod Electrophysiologic testing in bundle branch block and unexplained syncope , 1985 .

[109]  H. Ector,et al.  Dynamic Electrocardiography and Ventricular Pauses of 3 Seconds and More: Etiology and Therapeutic Implications , 1983, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[110]  D. Peretz,et al.  Permanent demand pacing for hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome. , 1973, Canadian Medical Association journal.

[111]  M. Santini,et al.  Relation of prognosis in sick sinus syndrome to age, conduction defects and modes of permanent cardiac pacing. , 1990, The American journal of cardiology.

[112]  J. Reiffel,et al.  Electrophysiological Testing of Sinus Node Function: Diagnostic and Prognostic Application‐Including Updated Information From Sinus Node Electrograms , 1994, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[113]  P. Denes,et al.  Sudden death in patients with chronic bifascicular block. , 1977, Archives of internal medicine.

[114]  P. Kudenchuk,et al.  Clinical Experience With a Tiered‐Therapy, Multiprogrammable Antiarrhythmia Device , 1992, Circulation.

[115]  G. V. Van Hare,et al.  Combined use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents and long-term cardiac pacing for patients with the long QT syndrome. , 1992, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[116]  J. Alpert,et al.  Prognosis of acute myocardial infarction complicated by complete heart block (the Worcester Heart Attack Study). , 1992, The American journal of cardiology.

[117]  M. Josephson,et al.  Electrophysiologic evaluation of syncope in patients with bifascicular block. , 1983, American heart journal.

[118]  P. Probst,et al.  The HQ time in congestive cardiomyopathies. , 1979, American heart journal.

[119]  J. Kastor Atrioventricular block (first of two parts). , 1975, The New England journal of medicine.

[120]  D. Danford,et al.  Pacemakers in children: an update. , 1989, American heart journal.

[121]  F. Venditti,et al.  Classification of death in antiarrhythmia trials. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[122]  S. Weinberg,et al.  The incidence and mortality of intraventricular conduction defects in acute myocardial infarction. , 1972, The American journal of cardiology.

[123]  E. Lichstein,et al.  Intraventricular conduction time (H-V interval) during antegrade conduction in patients with heart block. , 1973, The American journal of cardiology.

[124]  R. Califf,et al.  Complete atrioventricular block complicating inferior wall acute myocardial infarction treated with reperfusion therapy , 1991 .

[125]  S. Barold,et al.  Implanted atrial pacemakers for paroxysmal atrial flutter. Long-term efficacy. , 1987, Annals of internal medicine.

[126]  T. Cheng Atrial pacing: its diagnostic and therapeutic applications. , 1971, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[127]  J. Ruskin,et al.  Long-term multicenter experience with a second-generation implantable pacemaker-defibrillator in patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The Guardian Multicenter Investigators Group. , 1992, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[128]  A. Tajik,et al.  Dual-chamber pacing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. , 1997, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[129]  H. Schaff,et al.  Indications, effectiveness, and long-term dependency in permanent pacing after cardiac surgery. , 1997, The American journal of cardiology.

[130]  A. Tajik,et al.  Mechanism of hemodynamic improvement by dual-chamber pacing for severe left ventricular dysfunction: an acute Doppler and catheterization hemodynamic study. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[131]  J. Fisher,et al.  Significance of isolated H-V interval prolongation in symptomatic patients without documented heart block. , 1979, American heart journal.

[132]  A. Tajik,et al.  Dual-chamber pacing for cardiomyopathies: a 1996 clinical perspective. , 1996, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[133]  P. Gillette,et al.  Infants with long-QT syndrome and 2:1 atrioventricular block. , 1995, American heart journal.

[134]  A J Moss,et al.  Clinical features of the idiopathic long QT syndrome. , 1992, Circulation.

[135]  W. Mckenna,et al.  DDD pacing in obstructive HCM. , 1995, Circulation.

[136]  W. Austen,et al.  Experience with implantable pacemakers using myocardial electrodes in the management of heart block. , 1967, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[137]  M. Giudici,et al.  Comparison of right ventricular outflow tract and apical lead permanent pacing on cardiac output. , 1997, The American journal of cardiology.

[138]  J Ross,et al.  Long-term outcome in patients with inferior myocardial infarction and complete atrioventricular block. , 1988, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[139]  M. A. Engle,et al.  Congenital complete heart block: an international study of the natural history. , 1972, Cardiovascular clinics.

[140]  A. Camm,et al.  DDD pacing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a multicentre clinical experience. , 1996, Heart.

[141]  Richard P. Lewis,et al.  ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[142]  S. Connolly,et al.  Standardized Reporting of ICD Patient Outcome: The Report of a North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Policy Conference, February 9–10, 1993 , 1993, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[143]  K. Rasmussen Chronic sinus node disease: natural course and indications for pacing. , 1981, European heart journal.

[144]  P. Gillette,et al.  Atrial antitachycardia pacing in children and young adults. , 1991, American heart journal.

[145]  C. Fisch,et al.  Bundle branch block and sudden death. , 1980, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[146]  J. Fisher,et al.  Long-term efficacy of antitachycardia pacing for supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias. , 1987, The American journal of cardiology.

[147]  B. Grubb,et al.  Differentiation of convulsive syncope and epilepsy with head-up tilt testing. , 1991, Annals of internal medicine.

[148]  W. Fehri,et al.  [Dual chamber pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]. , 1996, La Tunisie medicale.

[149]  R. Sutton,et al.  Proposed classification for tilt induced vasovagal syncope , 1992 .

[150]  J. Montero,et al.  Pacing requirements after orthotopic heart transplantation: incidence and related factors. , 1992, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[151]  R. Kay,et al.  Primary sick sinus syndrome as an indication for chronic pacemaker therapy in young adults: incidence, clinical features, and long-term evaluation. , 1982, American heart journal.

[152]  R. Starling,et al.  Permanent pacing in heart transplant recipients: underlying causes and long-term results. , 1991, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[153]  D. Gibson,et al.  Effects of dual-chamber pacing with short atrioventricular delay in dilated cardiomyopathy , 1992, The Lancet.

[154]  N. Goldschlager,et al.  Cardiac pacing. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[155]  C. G. Blomqvist,et al.  Permanent pacing in patients with transient trifascicular block during acute myocardial infarction. , 1976, The American journal of cardiology.

[156]  M. Feld,et al.  Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block. , 1989, Annals of internal medicine.

[157]  H. Wellens,et al.  Bundle Branch Block and Acute Myocardial Infarction , 1978 .

[158]  L. Pierard,et al.  Long-term prognostic significance of atrioventricular block in inferior acute myocardial infarction. , 1989, European heart journal.

[159]  J. Fisher,et al.  Antiarrhythmic Effects of VVI Pacing at Physiologic Rates: A Crossover Controlled Evaluation , 1987, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[160]  J. Fisher,et al.  Role of electrophysiologic testing in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with known and suspected bradycardias and tachycardias. , 1981, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[161]  E. Walsh,et al.  Congenital complete heart block in patients without anatomic cardiac defects. , 1989, American heart journal.

[162]  S. Viskin,et al.  Mode of onset of torsade de pointes in congenital long QT syndrome. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[163]  P. Denes,et al.  The Significance of Second Degree Atrioventricular Block and Bundle Branch Block: Observations Regarding Site and Type of Block , 1974, Circulation.