IoT LOAD FORECAST FOR DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER USING MQTT

The strong coupling of Information and Communication (ICT) technologies – especially via the usage of networked embedded devices – with the energy domain, is leading to a sophisticated dynamic ecosystem referred to as the Internet of Energy. In the last mile of the Smart distribution transformer i.e. the future consumer, heterogeneous devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. The emerging Smart distribution will heavily depend on cooperation that will emerge at various layers (horizontally and vertically), and on the interaction with networked embedded systems that will be realizing its sensing and actuation functionality. We focus here on the enabling aspects of cooperation between the real world such as the Internet of Things and its interactions in the and Smart distribution. I.INTRODUCTION In existing electricity infrastructure we are witnessing a typical centralized approach where few powerful central stations broadcast energy to the different consumers. However in order to tackle the ever rising need for energy and comply with social and economic demands of our times, we move towards increasing the usage of alternative energy resources which are smaller and decentralized. This leads to a very dynamic future energy network, where electricity will be produced in a distributed way, where customers will be not only consumers but also producers (hence they are called prosumers), and where bidirectional interaction between producers, consumers and other entities will be possible. The emerging Internet of Energy and more specifically its core entity i.e. the Smart distribution, is a highly dynamic complex ecosystem of energy production and consumption parties that heavily uses Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in order to be more efficient compared to its current traditional operation. Additionally the Smart distribution enables the creation of new innovative services based on bidirectional interaction of its stakeholders. In order to realize the promise of Smart distribution, a key element would be to have timely monitoring and control. The functionality offered by the the networked embedded devices that would realize the monitoring and control part is crucial for the success of the Smart distribution. For instance smart meters is are the key for monitoring energy consumption. However in parallel the bidirectional interaction is pursued i.e. that there is an adaptation on the behavior of the prosumer device based on the information that it receives e.g. electricity price Due to developments in the embedded systems, the energy consuming/producing devices will be no more considered as black-boxes but will also get interconnected, which will provide fine-grained info e.g. energy optimization per device. It is also expected that they will provide their functionality as a service and be able to consume on-line services (Internet of Services). As such they will be able to collaborate with other entities What Is Internet of Things (IoT) The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the fast growing network of physical objects that feature an internet protocol (IP) address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between these objects and other Internet-enabled devices. The Internet of Things will: Connect both inanimate and living things. Use sensors for data collection. Change what types of item communicate over an IP Network. Fig 1.1: IoT Definition © 2020 JETIR October 2020, Volume 7, Issue 10 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) JETIREH06034 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 213 Fig 1.2: Internet of Things schematic showing the end users and application areas based on dat II. LITERATURE SURVEY [1] Mrs.s.sivaranjani,m.e describes about the IoT based distribution transformer monitoring system, Distribution transformers are one of the most important equipment in power network. Because of, the large amount of transformers distributed over a wide area in power electric systems, the data acquisition and condition monitoring is important issue. The main aim of this system is distribution transformer monitoring and controlling through IOT. Also, it sends SMS to a central database via the GSM modem for further processing. The idea of on-line monitoring system mixes a global service mobile (GSM) Modem, with chip micro controller and different sensors. It is installed at the distribution transformer site and the above parameters are recorded using the analog to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The obtained parameters are processed and recorded in the system memory. If any deviation or an emergency situation occurs the system sends SMS (short message service) messages to the mobile phones containing information about the deviation according to some predefined instructions programmed in the micro controller. [2] Rahul describes about the Internet of Things Based Real Time Transformer Health Monitoring System, Transformer is one of the important electrical equipment that is used in power system. Monitoring transformer for the problem before they occur can prevent faults that are costly to repair and result in a loss of electricity. The main aim of the paper is to acquire real-time data of transformer remotely over the internet falling under the category of Internet of Things (IOT). For this real-time aspect, we take one temperature sensor, one potential transformer and one current transformer for monitoring T, V, I data of the transformer and then send them to a remote location. III. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: STM32F103C8PROCESSOR The STM32F103xx medium-density performance line family incorporates the high-performance ARMCortex-M3 32-bit RISC core operating at a 72 MHz frequency, high-speed embedded memories (Flash memory up to 128 Kbytes and SRAM up to 20 Kbytes), and an extensive range of enhanced I/Os and peripherals connected to two APB buses. All devices offer two 12-bit ADCs, three general purpose 16-bit timers plus one PWM timer, as well as standard and advanced communication interfaces: up to two I2Cs and SPIs, three USARTs, an USB and a CAN. These features make the STM32F103xx medium-density performance line microcontroller family suitable for a wide range of applications such as motor drives, application control, medical and handheld equipment, PC and gaming peripherals, GPS platforms, industrial applications, PLCs, inverters, printers, scanners, alarm systems, video intercoms, and HVACs. LCD 16x2 modules A 16x2 is a display of fundamental module for providing visible information. Here it is used to display frequency and proximity warning. A 16x2 LCD can display 20 characters in each line and has 4 such lines. Figure 5.5 shows physical appearance of LCD. In LCD, each character will be of size 5x7 matrix. This has two specific registers for data and command. Figure 3.1: 16x2 LCD module Voltage Regulator(7805): 7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator ICmaintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels. © 2020 JETIR October 2020, Volume 7, Issue 10 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) JETIREH06034 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 214 FEATURES: Output Current up to 1A. Thermal Overload Protection. Short Circuit Protection. Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection. Fig3. 2: Pin Diagram of 7805 Pin No Function Name 1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input 2 Ground (0V) Ground 3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V5.2V) Output Table : Pin Description Fig3.3:Regulator Circuit Overview on DC/DC converter The basic DC/DC converter comprises a switch, a filter circuit and load. The DC/DC converter may classify by various methods, one of the basic methods is isolation, according to that it is classified into two types. Isolated DC/DC converter. Non-Isolated DC/DC converter. In isolated DC/DC converter type the output and input are electrically isolated by the use of a transformer. It is bulky, requires more space and costly while comparing with the non-isolated type DC/DC converter. The non-isolated DC/DC converters can be further differentiated by element connections like Buck converter, Boost converter, Buck-Boost converter, Cuk converter and Sepic converter. DC/DC converter is widely used for the purpose of converting unregulated DC input into a regulated DC output. A DCDC converter is a hart of MPPT hardware implementation. MPPT uses the one of the above converter for regulating the solar input voltage to the MPP and providing impedance matching for the maximum power transfer to the load. Need of DC/DC converter A dc/dc converter is an integral part of any MPPT circuit system. Without dc/dc converter no any MPPT circuit can be designed. When a direct connection is carried out between the source and the load, the output of the PV module is irregularly shifted away from the maximum power point. It is necessary to overcome this problem by adding an adaptation circuit between the source and the load. A MPPT controller circuit with a DC-DC converter circuit is used as an adaptive circuit. For maximum power transfer from source to load an extra circuit is required to support the load to match the impedance with source impedance. BOOST CONVERTER In a boost converter or regulator output voltage of the converter is greater than input voltage of the converter circuit that means it boosting the input voltage that’ s way its name is “ BOOST” regulator. The boost circuit consist a energy storing element inductor, a capacitor, a diode, a load and a switching device like MOSFET, BJT etc. Circuit diagram of boost converter is shown in figure 3.1