Effects of Viewing Displays from Different Distances on Human Visual System

The current stereoscopic 3D displays have several human-factor issues including visual-fatigue symptoms such as eyestrain, headache, fatigue, nausea, and malaise. The viewing time and viewing distance are factors that considerably affect the visual fatigue associated with 3D displays. Hence, this study analyzes the effects of display type (2D vs. 3D) and viewing distance on visual fatigue during a 60-min viewing session based on electroencephalogram (EEG) relative beta power, and alpha/beta power ratio. In this study, twenty male participants watched four videos. The EEGs were recorded at two occipital lobes (O1 and O2) of each participant in the pre-session (3 min), post-session (3 min), and during a 60-min viewing session. The results showed that the decrease in relative beta power of the EEG and the increase in the alpha/beta ratio from the start until the end of the viewing session were significantly higher when watching the 3D display. When the viewing distance was increased from 1.95 m to 3.90 m, the visual fatigue was decreased in the case of the 3D-display, whereas the fatigue was increased in the case of the 2D-display. Moreover, there was approximately the same level of visual fatigue when watching videos in 2D or 3D from a long viewing distance (3.90 m).

[1]  A. Belyavin,et al.  Changes in electrical activity of the brain with vigilance. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[2]  J V Lovasik,et al.  Visual Performance and Subjective Discomfort in Prolonged Viewing of Chromatic Displays , 1989, Human factors.

[3]  Qiong-Hua Wang,et al.  Accommodation and convergence in integral imaging 3D display , 2014 .

[4]  Jérémy Frey,et al.  Classifying EEG Signals during Stereoscopic Visualization to Estimate Visual Comfort , 2015, Comput. Intell. Neurosci..

[5]  A. Se Jin Park,et al.  HUMAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WATCHING 3 D TELEVISION BY ELECTROCARDIOGRAM AND SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION , 2012 .

[6]  Min-Chul Park,et al.  Overview of Measurement Methods for Factors Affecting the Human Visual System in 3D Displays , 2015, Journal of Display Technology.

[7]  Kun Li,et al.  Assessment visual fatigue of watching 3DTV using EEG power spectral parameters , 2014, Displays.

[8]  Gordon Wetzstein,et al.  Focus 3D: Compressive accommodation display , 2013, TOGS.

[9]  Mtm Marc Lambooij,et al.  Visual Discomfort and Visual Fatigue of Stereoscopic Displays: A Review , 2009 .

[10]  Tomoyuki Mishina,et al.  Measurement of static convergence and accommodation responses to images of integral photography and binocular stereoscopy. , 2017, Optics express.

[11]  Henry Been-Lirn Duh,et al.  Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory, and simulator sickness in a virtual environment , 2002, Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality 2002.

[12]  Jianping Liu,et al.  EEG-based estimation of mental fatigue by using KPCA-HMM and complexity parameters , 2010, Biomed. Signal Process. Control..

[13]  Keetaek Kham,et al.  Measurement of 3D Visual Fatigue Using Event-Related Potential (ERP): 3D Oddball Paradigm , 2008, 2008 3DTV Conference: The True Vision - Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video.

[14]  Chunxiao Chen,et al.  Visual fatigue caused by watching 3DTV: an fMRI study , 2015, BioMedical Engineering OnLine.

[15]  William Ribarsky,et al.  Simulator sickness and presence in a high field-of-view virtual environment , 2002, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[16]  Min Cheol Whang,et al.  Autonomic Nervous System Responses Can Reveal Visual Fatigue Induced by 3D Displays , 2013, Sensors.

[17]  David M. Hoffman,et al.  The zone of comfort: Predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays. , 2011, Journal of vision.

[18]  Tian Liu,et al.  Using electroencephalogram spectral components to assess visual fatigue caused by sustained prism-induced diplopia , 2016, 2016 9th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI).

[19]  Mao-Jiun J. Wang,et al.  Evaluating the Effectiveness of Using Electroencephalogram Power Indices to Measure Visual Fatigue , 2013, Perceptual and motor skills.

[20]  Se Jin Park,et al.  Physiological Responses to Watching 3D on Television with Active and Passive Glasses , 2013, HCI.

[21]  H.T. Nguyen,et al.  Detecting neural changes during stress and fatigue effectively: a comparison of spectral analysis and sample entropy , 2007, 2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering.

[22]  David M. Hoffman,et al.  Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. , 2008, Journal of vision.

[23]  T Iwasaki,et al.  Objective evaluation of eye strain using measurements of accommodative oscillation. , 1987, Ergonomics.

[24]  Nam Ju Moon,et al.  Clinical evaluation of accommodation and ocular surface stability relavant to visual asthenopia with 3D displays , 2014, BMC Ophthalmology.

[25]  M. Chung,et al.  Electroencephalographic study of drowsiness in simulated driving with sleep deprivation , 2005 .

[26]  John L. Andreassi,et al.  Psychophysiology: Human Behavior & Physiological Response , 2000 .

[27]  James Dean Brown,et al.  Essay Prompts and Topics , 1991 .

[28]  Robert Earl Patterson,et al.  Human Factors of 3D Displays , 2012, Handbook of Visual Display Technology.

[29]  Min-Koo Kang,et al.  Feasibility study for visual discomfort assessment on stereo images using EEG , 2012, 2012 International Conference on 3D Imaging (IC3D).

[30]  Dick de Waard,et al.  The measurement of drivers' mental workload , 1996 .

[31]  M. Whang,et al.  Does visual fatigue from 3D displays affect autonomic regulation and heart rhythm? , 2014, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[32]  Won Ki Lee,et al.  Ophthalmological factors influencing visual asthenopia as a result of viewing 3D displays , 2012, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[33]  G. Lippmann.  Epreuves reversibles donnant la sensation du relief , 1908 .

[34]  Shyh-Yueh Cheng,et al.  Mental Fatigue Measurement Using EEG , 2011 .

[35]  Hyung-Chul O. Li.  Human Factor Research on the Measurement of Subjective Three Dimensional Fatigue , 2010 .

[36]  Yongtian Wang,et al.  Study on Issues of Visual Fatigue of Display Devices , 2014 .

[37]  Ashley Craig,et al.  Development of an algorithm for an EEG-based driver fatigue countermeasure. , 2003, Journal of safety research.

[38]  Min-Chul Park,et al.  SSVEP and ERP measurement of cognitive fatigue caused by stereoscopic 3D , 2012, Neuroscience Letters.

[39]  Byoungho Lee,et al.  65.2: Effect of Viewing Region Satisfying Super Multi-View Condition in Integral Imaging , 2012 .

[40]  Min-Chul Park,et al.  Evaluation of 3D cognitive fatigue using heart-brain synchronization. , 2015, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[41]  Robert Patterson,et al.  Human factors of 3‐D displays , 2007 .

[42]  Tohru Ifukube,et al.  Effects of an Eyeglass-free 3-D Display on the Human Visual System , 2003, Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology.

[43]  Kun Li,et al.  EEG-based detection and evaluation of fatigue caused by watching 3DTV , 2013, Displays.

[44]  Evangelos Bekiaris,et al.  Using EEG spectral components to assess algorithms for detecting fatigue , 2009, Expert Syst. Appl..

[45]  Peter A. Howarth,et al.  Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic motion images: Background, theories, and observations , 2008, Displays.

[46]  Liu Xiaoming,et al.  The EEG changes during night-time driver fatigue , 2009, 2009 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium.

[47]  Young-Joo Kim,et al.  EEG Based Comparative Measurement of Visual Fatigue Caused by 2D and 3D Displays , 2011, HCI.

[48]  Mohamed Z. Ramadan,et al.  Using electromyography responses to investigate the effects of the display type, viewing distance, and viewing time on visual fatigue , 2017, Displays.

[49]  Sugato Chakravarty,et al.  Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures , 1995 .

[50]  Yueh-Yi Lai,et al.  The influence of polarized 3D display on autonomic nervous activities , 2014, Displays.

[51]  Yongtian Wang,et al.  Study of electroencephalography-based objective stereoscopic visual fatigue evaluation , 2015, 2015 International Symposium on Bioelectronics and Bioinformatics (ISBB).

[52]  Kang Ryoung Park,et al.  Assessment of Eye Fatigue Caused by 3D Displays Based on Multimodal Measurements , 2014, Sensors.

[53]  Robert Patterson,et al.  Review Paper: Human factors of stereo displays: An update , 2009 .

[54]  S. Kar,et al.  EEG signal analysis for the assessment and quantification of driver’s fatigue , 2010 .

[55]  Chunping Hou,et al.  Assessing the Visual Discomfort of Compressed Stereoscopic Images Using ERP , 2016, HCC.

[56]  Abdulhamit Subasi,et al.  Automatic recognition of alertness level from EEG by using neural network and wavelet coefficients , 2005, Expert Syst. Appl..

[57]  Takashi Shibata,et al.  Visual discomfort with stereo displays: effects of viewing distance and direction of vergence-accommodation conflict , 2011, Electronic Imaging.

[58]  Sumio Yano,et al.  A study of visual fatigue and visual comfort for 3D HDTV/HDTV images , 2002 .

[59]  Kang Ryoung Park,et al.  The comparative measurements of eyestrain caused by 2D and 3D displays , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[60]  Yong Man Ro,et al.  Subjective and objective measurements of visual fatigue induced by excessive disparities in stereoscopic images , 2013, Electronic Imaging.

[61]  Robert S. Kennedy,et al.  Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. , 1993 .