Designing high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries.

Due to their high energy density and low material cost, lithium-sulfur batteries represent a promising energy storage system for a multitude of emerging applications, ranging from stationary grid storage to mobile electric vehicles. This review aims to summarize major developments in the field of lithium-sulfur batteries, starting from an overview of their electrochemistry, technical challenges and potential solutions, along with some theoretical calculation results to advance our understanding of the material interactions involved. Next, we examine the most extensively-used design strategy: encapsulation of sulfur cathodes in carbon host materials. Other emerging host materials, such as polymeric and inorganic materials, are discussed as well. This is followed by a survey of novel battery configurations, including the use of lithium sulfide cathodes and lithium polysulfide catholytes, as well as recent burgeoning efforts in the modification of separators and protection of lithium metal anodes. Finally, we conclude with an outlook section to offer some insight on the future directions and prospects of lithium-sulfur batteries.

[1]  Yi Cui,et al.  Lithium Sulfide/Metal Nanocomposite as a High‐Capacity Cathode Prelithiation Material , 2016 .

[2]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Balancing surface adsorption and diffusion of lithium-polysulfides on nonconductive oxides for lithium–sulfur battery design , 2016, Nature Communications.

[3]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities , 2016 .

[4]  J. Janek,et al.  Tuning Transition Metal Oxide–Sulfur Interactions for Long Life Lithium Sulfur Batteries: The “Goldilocks” Principle , 2016 .

[5]  Dipan Kundu,et al.  A graphene-like metallic cathode host for long-life and high-loading lithium–sulfur batteries , 2016 .

[6]  Ya‐Xia Yin,et al.  Wet Chemistry Synthesis of Multidimensional Nanocarbon-Sulfur Hybrid Materials with Ultrahigh Sulfur Loading for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[7]  Yi Cui,et al.  In Situ Chemical Synthesis of Lithium Fluoride/Metal Nanocomposite for High Capacity Prelithiation of Cathodes. , 2016, Nano letters.

[8]  Hyun-Wook Lee,et al.  High-capacity battery cathode prelithiation to offset initial lithium loss , 2016, Nature Energy.

[9]  Zhe Yuan,et al.  Powering Lithium-Sulfur Battery Performance by Propelling Polysulfide Redox at Sulfiphilic Hosts. , 2016, Nano letters.

[10]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Janus Separator of Polypropylene‐Supported Cellular Graphene Framework for Sulfur Cathodes with High Utilization in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2015, Advanced science.

[11]  Huisheng Peng,et al.  A Cable‐Shaped Lithium Sulfur Battery , 2016, Advanced materials.

[12]  Lynden A. Archer,et al.  A highly reversible room-temperature lithium metal battery based on crosslinked hairy nanoparticles , 2015, Nature Communications.

[13]  Yi Cui,et al.  Highly Nitridated Graphene–Li2S Cathodes with Stable Modulated Cycles , 2015 .

[14]  X. Lou,et al.  Pie-like electrode design for high-energy density lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015, Nature Communications.

[15]  Yi Cui,et al.  A Highly Reversible Room-Temperature Sodium Metal Anode , 2015, ACS central science.

[16]  Feng Wu,et al.  Systematic Effect for an Ultralong Cycle Lithium-Sulfur Battery. , 2015, Nano letters.

[17]  Jian Jiang,et al.  Encapsulation of sulfur with thin-layered nickel-based hydroxides for long-cyclic lithium–sulfur cells , 2015, Nature Communications.

[18]  Yueming Sun,et al.  Ternary Hybrid Material for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Battery. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[19]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Electrochemically Stable Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with a Microporous Carbon Nanofiber Filter for Polysulfide , 2015 .

[20]  Qian Sun,et al.  An Aligned and Laminated Nanostructured Carbon Hybrid Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[21]  Jun Lu,et al.  Progress in Mechanistic Understanding and Characterization Techniques of Li‐S Batteries , 2015 .

[22]  Wu Xu,et al.  Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[23]  Jung-Soo Lee,et al.  Recent Advances in Lithium Sulfide Cathode Materials and Their Use in Lithium Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[24]  Yi Cui,et al.  A Sulfur Cathode with Pomegranate‐Like Cluster Structure , 2015 .

[25]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Long-life Li/polysulphide batteries with high sulphur loading enabled by lightweight three-dimensional nitrogen/sulphur-codoped graphene sponge , 2015, Nature Communications.

[26]  S. Feng,et al.  A Graphene-like Oxygenated Carbon Nitride Material for Improved Cycle-Life Lithium/Sulfur Batteries. , 2015, Nano letters.

[27]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  The synergetic effect of lithium polysulfide and lithium nitrate to prevent lithium dendrite growth , 2015, Nature Communications.

[28]  Xueping Gao,et al.  Protected lithium anode with porous Al2O3 layer for lithium–sulfur battery , 2015 .

[29]  Lin Ma,et al.  Nanomaterials: Science and applications in the lithium–sulfur battery , 2015 .

[30]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Ambient‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries with a Sodiated Nafion Membrane and a Carbon Nanofiber‐Activated Carbon Composite Electrode , 2015 .

[31]  Yi Cui,et al.  Understanding the Anchoring Effect of Two-Dimensional Layered Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. , 2015, Nano letters.

[32]  Philipp Adelhelm,et al.  From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries , 2015, Beilstein journal of nanotechnology.

[33]  Shubin Yang,et al.  Vertically aligned sulfur-graphene nanowalls on substrates for ultrafast lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2015, Nano letters.

[34]  Jun Lu,et al.  Strong lithium polysulfide chemisorption on electroactive sites of nitrogen-doped carbon composites for high-performance lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[35]  Xiao Liang,et al.  Sulfur cathodes based on conductive MXene nanosheets for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[36]  Tingzheng Hou,et al.  The formation of strong-couple interactions between nitrogen-doped graphene and sulfur/lithium (poly)sulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[37]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Na2S-carbon nanotube fabric electrodes for room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries. , 2015, Chemistry.

[38]  A. Manthiram,et al.  A Facile Layer‐by‐Layer Approach for High‐Areal‐Capacity Sulfur Cathodes , 2015, Advanced materials.

[39]  O. Borodin,et al.  High rate and stable cycling of lithium metal anode , 2015, Nature Communications.

[40]  Zhaolin Liu,et al.  Sulfur–carbon yolk–shell particle based 3D interconnected nanostructures as cathodes for rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[41]  A. Gewirth,et al.  In situ Raman spectroscopy of sulfur speciation in lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[42]  Changhong Wang,et al.  Monodispersed sulfur nanoparticles for lithium-sulfur batteries with theoretical performance. , 2015, Nano letters.

[43]  Yi-Chun Lu,et al.  Sulphur-impregnated flow cathode to enable high-energy-density lithium flow batteries , 2015, Nature Communications.

[44]  Xiao Liang,et al.  A highly efficient polysulfide mediator for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2015, Nature Communications.

[45]  Jun Chen,et al.  Sulfur nanodots electrodeposited on ni foam as high-performance cathode for Li-S batteries. , 2015, Nano letters.

[46]  Jianming Zheng,et al.  Direct Observation of Sulfur Radicals as Reaction Media in Lithium Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[47]  Yi Cui,et al.  In-operando optical imaging of temporal and spatial distribution of polysulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries , 2015 .

[48]  H. S. Lee,et al.  Quantitative Chromatographic Determination of Dissolved Elemental Sulfur in the Non-Aqueous Electrolyte for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries , 2015 .

[49]  Jun Lu,et al.  Insight into sulfur reactions in Li-S batteries. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[50]  L. Archer,et al.  Tethered Molecular Sorbents: Enabling Metal‐Sulfur Battery Cathodes , 2014 .

[51]  Selena M. Russell,et al.  Dendrite-free lithium deposition with self-aligned nanorod structure. , 2014, Nano letters.

[52]  A. J. Morris,et al.  Ab Initio Structure Search and in Situ 7Li NMR Studies of Discharge Products in the Li–S Battery System , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[53]  Yi Cui,et al.  High electrochemical selectivity of edge versus terrace sites in two-dimensional layered MoS2 materials. , 2014, Nano letters.

[54]  M Stanley Whittingham,et al.  Ultimate limits to intercalation reactions for lithium batteries. , 2014, Chemical reviews.

[55]  G. R. Li,et al.  A LiFSI-LiTFSI binary-salt electrolyte to achieve high capacity and cycle stability for a Li-S battery. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[56]  Guoqiang Ma,et al.  A lithium anode protection guided highly-stable lithium-sulfur battery. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[57]  Tingzheng Hou,et al.  Strongly Coupled Interfaces between a Heterogeneous Carbon Host and a Sulfur‐Containing Guest for Highly Stable Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries: Mechanistic Insight into Capacity Degradation , 2014 .

[58]  Zhe Yuan,et al.  Hierarchical Free‐Standing Carbon‐Nanotube Paper Electrodes with Ultrahigh Sulfur‐Loading for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[59]  N. Wu,et al.  Understanding dynamics of polysulfide dissolution and re-deposition in working lithium–sulfur battery by in-operando transmission X-ray microscopy , 2014 .

[60]  X. Lou,et al.  Enhancing lithium–sulphur battery performance by strongly binding the discharge products on amino-functionalized reduced graphene oxide , 2014, Nature Communications.

[61]  Jung Ho Yu,et al.  Two-dimensional layered transition metal disulphides for effective encapsulation of high-capacity lithium sulphide cathodes , 2014, Nature Communications.

[62]  Kyu-Tae Lee,et al.  Inhibiting the shuttle effect in lithium–sulfur batteries using a layer-by-layer assembled ion-permselective separator , 2014 .

[63]  Yi Cui,et al.  Improved lithium–sulfur batteries with a conductive coating on the separator to prevent the accumulation of inactive S-related species at the cathode–separator interface , 2014 .

[64]  S. Chu,et al.  Ultrathin two-dimensional atomic crystals as stable interfacial layer for improvement of lithium metal anode. , 2014, Nano letters.

[65]  S. Pantelides,et al.  Formation of Large Polysulfide Complexes during the Lithium-Sulfur Battery Discharge , 2014 .

[66]  A. Hayashi,et al.  Preparation of composite electrode with Li2S–P2S5 glasses as active materials for all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries , 2014 .

[67]  Byung Gon Kim,et al.  A Lithium‐Sulfur Battery with a High Areal Energy Density , 2014 .

[68]  Guoqiang Ma,et al.  The enhanced performance of Li–S battery with P14YRTFSI-modified electrolyte , 2014 .

[69]  Xin-Bing Cheng,et al.  Nitrogen‐Doped Aligned Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Sandwiches: Facile Catalytic Growth on Bifunctional Natural Catalysts and Their Applications as Scaffolds for High‐Rate Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[70]  Kai Han,et al.  Free-standing nitrogen-doped graphene paper as electrodes for high-performance lithium/dissolved polysulfide batteries. , 2014, ChemSusChem.

[71]  Weidong Zhou,et al.  Polydopamine-coated, nitrogen-doped, hollow carbon-sulfur double-layered core-shell structure for improving lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[72]  Dipan Kundu,et al.  Surface-enhanced redox chemistry of polysulphides on a metallic and polar host for lithium-sulphur batteries , 2014, Nature Communications.

[73]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Capacity Enhancement and Discharge Mechanisms of Room‐Temperature Sodium–Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[74]  Y. Li,et al.  Sulfur gradient-distributed CNF composite: a self-inhibiting cathode for binder-free lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[75]  Yi Cui,et al.  Strong sulfur binding with conducting Magnéli-phase Ti(n)O2(n-1) nanomaterials for improving lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[76]  Feixiang Wu,et al.  Harnessing Steric Separation of Freshly Nucleated Li2S Nanoparticles for Bottom‐Up Assembly of High‐Performance Cathodes for Lithium‐Sulfur and Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2014 .

[77]  Zhichuan J. Xu,et al.  Encapsulating MWNTs into Hollow Porous Carbon Nanotubes: A Tube‐in‐Tube Carbon Nanostructure for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[78]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Interconnected hollow carbon nanospheres for stable lithium metal anodes. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[79]  Jinghua Guo,et al.  High-rate, ultralong cycle-life lithium/sulfur batteries enabled by nitrogen-doped graphene. , 2014, Nano letters.

[80]  L. Nazar,et al.  Unique behaviour of nonsolvents for polysulphides in lithium–sulphur batteries , 2014 .

[81]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, Chemical reviews.

[82]  J. Choi,et al.  Hierarchical porous carbon by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis yields stable cycling in lithium-sulfur battery. , 2014, Nano letters.

[83]  K. Jiang,et al.  Sulfur nanocrystals confined in carbon nanotube network as a binder-free electrode for high-performance lithium sulfur batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[84]  K. Andreas Friedrich,et al.  Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Products and Reaction Intermediates of Lithium−Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[85]  Jun Liu,et al.  V2O5 Polysulfide Anion Barrier for Long-Lived Li–S Batteries , 2014 .

[86]  Yi Cui,et al.  Improving lithium–sulphur batteries through spatial control of sulphur species deposition on a hybrid electrode surface , 2014, Nature Communications.

[87]  Rajeev S. Assary,et al.  Toward a Molecular Understanding of Energetics in Li–S Batteries Using Nonaqueous Electrolytes: A High-Level Quantum Chemical Study , 2014 .

[88]  Yi Cui,et al.  Sulfur cathodes with hydrogen reduced titanium dioxide inverse opal structure. , 2014, ACS Nano.

[89]  Chunpeng Yang,et al.  Insight into the effect of boron doping on sulfur/carbon cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[90]  Lynden A Archer,et al.  Stable lithium electrodeposition in liquid and nanoporous solid electrolytes. , 2014, Nature materials.

[91]  Yang Li,et al.  Three-Dimensional Sulfur/Graphene Multifunctional Hybrid Sponges for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Large Areal Mass Loading , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[92]  Ji‐Guang Zhang,et al.  Lewis acid-base interactions between polysulfides and metal organic framework in lithium sulfur batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[93]  Feixiang Wu,et al.  Nanoporous Li2S and MWCNT-linked Li2S powder cathodes for lithium-sulfur and lithium-ion battery chemistries , 2014 .

[94]  Yunhui Huang,et al.  High sulfur loading composite wrapped by 3D nitrogen-doped graphene as a cathode material for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[95]  Gareth H McKinley,et al.  Polysulfide flow batteries enabled by percolating nanoscale conductor networks. , 2014, Nano letters.

[96]  Yi Cui,et al.  High-capacity Li2S–graphene oxide composite cathodes with stable cycling performance , 2014 .

[97]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Unstacked double-layer templated graphene for high-rate lithium–sulphur batteries , 2014, Nature Communications.

[98]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Aligned carbon nanotube/sulfur composite cathodes with high sulfur content for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[99]  Donghai Wang,et al.  Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Promoted Chemical Adsorption of Sulfur and Fabrication of High‐Areal‐Capacity Sulfur Cathode with Exceptional Cycling Stability for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2014 .

[100]  H. Althues,et al.  Shuttle suppression in room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries using ion selective polymer membranes. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[101]  Yang‐Kook Sun,et al.  A lithium-ion sulfur battery based on a carbon-coated lithium-sulfide cathode and an electrodeposited silicon-based anode. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[102]  D. Aurbach,et al.  The Use of Redox Mediators for Enhancing Utilization of Li2S Cathodes for Advanced Li-S Battery Systems. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[103]  J. Gerbec,et al.  Sulfur-functionalized mesoporous carbons as sulfur hosts in Li-S batteries: increasing the affinity of polysulfide intermediates to enhance performance. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[104]  M. Ge,et al.  Solution ionic strength engineering as a generic strategy to coat graphene oxide (GO) on various functional particles and its application in high-performance lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. , 2014, Nano letters.

[105]  Li-Jun Wan,et al.  A High‐Energy Room‐Temperature Sodium‐Sulfur Battery , 2014, Advanced materials.

[106]  Yi Cui,et al.  Facile synthesis of Li2S–polypyrrole composite structures for high-performance Li2S cathodes , 2014 .

[107]  Dongmin Im,et al.  A Highly Reversible Lithium Metal Anode , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[108]  Jianming Zheng,et al.  Manipulating surface reactions in lithium–sulphur batteries using hybrid anode structures , 2014, Nature Communications.

[109]  Hong‐Jie Peng,et al.  Ionic shield for polysulfides towards highly-stable lithium–sulfur batteries , 2014 .

[110]  J. Cabana,et al.  Fingerprinting Lithium-Sulfur Battery Reaction Products by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy , 2014 .

[111]  Shaogang Wang,et al.  A Graphene–Pure‐Sulfur Sandwich Structure for Ultrafast, Long‐Life Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2014, Advanced materials.

[112]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  A strategic approach to recharging lithium-sulphur batteries for long cycle life , 2013, Nature Communications.

[113]  Wolfgang G. Bessler,et al.  Insight into lithium–sulfur batteries: Elementary kinetic modeling and impedance simulation , 2013 .

[114]  Li-Jun Wan,et al.  Lithium-sulfur batteries: electrochemistry, materials, and prospects. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[115]  Yang‐Kook Sun,et al.  Progress in lithium-sulfur batteries: the effective role of a polysulfide-added electrolyte as buffer to prevent cathode dissolution. , 2013, ChemSusChem.

[116]  Wook Ki Jung,et al.  Encapsulated Monoclinic Sulfur for Stable Cycling of Li–S Rechargeable Batteries , 2013, Advanced materials.

[117]  Chunsheng Wang,et al.  In situ formed lithium sulfide/microporous carbon cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. , 2013, ACS nano.

[118]  Xiaogang Han,et al.  Reactivation of dissolved polysulfides in Li–S batteries based on atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 in nanoporous carbon cloth , 2013 .

[119]  Min-Kyu Song,et al.  A long-life, high-rate lithium/sulfur cell: a multifaceted approach to enhancing cell performance. , 2013, Nano letters.

[120]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Understanding the role of different conductive polymers in improving the nanostructured sulfur cathode performance. , 2013, Nano letters.

[121]  Yingchao Yu,et al.  Yolk-shell structure of polyaniline-coated sulfur for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[122]  Taeeun Yim,et al.  Effect of chemical reactivity of polysulfide toward carbonate-based electrolyte on the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries , 2013 .

[123]  Kaoru Dokko,et al.  Anionic Effects on Solvate Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2013 .

[124]  Linda F. Nazar,et al.  Sulfur Speciation in Li–S Batteries Determined by Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy , 2013 .

[125]  Byung Gon Kim,et al.  One-dimensional carbon-sulfur composite fibers for Na-S rechargeable batteries operating at room temperature. , 2013, Nano letters.

[126]  Jun Liu,et al.  First principles prediction of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a high-performance cathode for Li–S batteries , 2013 .

[127]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Highly reversible Li/dissolved polysulfide batteries with binder-free carbon nanofiber electrodes , 2013 .

[128]  Céline Barchasz,et al.  New insight into the working mechanism of lithium-sulfur batteries: in situ and operando X-ray diffraction characterization. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[129]  M. Engelhard,et al.  Ionic liquid-enhanced solid state electrolyte interface (SEI) for lithium–sulfur batteries , 2013 .

[130]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Highly reversible lithium/dissolved polysulfide batteries with carbon nanotube electrodes. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[131]  Yi Cui,et al.  Crab shells as sustainable templates from nature for nanostructured battery electrodes. , 2013, Nano letters.

[132]  Huichao Chen,et al.  High efficiency immobilization of sulfur on nitrogen-enriched mesoporous carbons for Li-S batteries. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[133]  Shengbo Zhang,et al.  Liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur battery: Fundamental chemistry, problems, and solutions , 2013 .

[134]  Jeong Jae Wie,et al.  The use of elemental sulfur as an alternative feedstock for polymeric materials. , 2013, Nature chemistry.

[135]  L. Nazar,et al.  New approaches for high energy density lithium-sulfur battery cathodes. , 2013, Accounts of chemical research.

[136]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  High-performance hollow sulfur nanostructured battery cathode through a scalable, room temperature, one-step, bottom-up approach , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[137]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Nanostructured sulfur cathodes. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[138]  Jun Liu,et al.  Dendrite-free lithium deposition via self-healing electrostatic shield mechanism. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[139]  C. Liang,et al.  Lithium superionic sulfide cathode for all-solid lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2013, ACS nano.

[140]  Donghan Kim,et al.  Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2013 .

[141]  Nancy J. Dudney,et al.  Phosphorous Pentasulfide as a Novel Additive for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries , 2013 .

[142]  M. Watanabe,et al.  Solvent Effect of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Reactions in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries , 2013 .

[143]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Amphiphilic surface modification of hollow carbon nanofibers for improved cycle life of lithium sulfur batteries. , 2013, Nano letters.

[144]  Michel Armand,et al.  A new class of Solvent-in-Salt electrolyte for high-energy rechargeable metallic lithium batteries , 2013, Nature Communications.

[145]  W. Cho,et al.  Polysulfide dissolution control: the common ion effect. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[146]  John B Goodenough,et al.  The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[147]  L. Archer,et al.  Lithium-sulfur battery cathode enabled by lithium-nitrile interaction. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[148]  Takeshi Kobayashi,et al.  All-solid-state Li–sulfur batteries with mesoporous electrode and thio-LISICON solid electrolyte , 2013 .

[149]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Sulphur–TiO2 yolk–shell nanoarchitecture with internal void space for long-cycle lithium–sulphur batteries , 2013, Nature Communications.

[150]  L. Archer,et al.  In situ synthesis of lithium sulfide–carbon composites as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries , 2013 .

[151]  J. Tübke,et al.  In-Situ Raman Investigation of Polysulfide Formation in Li-S Cells , 2013 .

[152]  Jean-Marie Tarascon,et al.  Li–S batteries: simple approaches for superior performance , 2013 .

[153]  E. Cairns,et al.  Nanostructured Li₂S-C composites as cathode material for high-energy lithium/sulfur batteries. , 2012, Nano letters.

[154]  Kai Xie,et al.  Application of lithiated Nafion ionomer film as functional separator for lithium sulfur cells , 2012 .

[155]  Arumugam Manthiram,et al.  Lithium–sulphur batteries with a microporous carbon paper as a bifunctional interlayer , 2012, Nature Communications.

[156]  Lin Gu,et al.  Smaller sulfur molecules promise better lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[157]  Hui Wu,et al.  Designing nanostructured Si anodes for high energy lithium ion batteries , 2012 .

[158]  Xiao-Guang Sun,et al.  Lithium-sulfur batteries based on nitrogen-doped carbon and an ionic-liquid electrolyte. , 2012, ChemSusChem.

[159]  Jinghua Guo,et al.  Electronic structure and chemical bonding of a graphene oxide-sulfur nanocomposite for use in superior performance lithium-sulfur cells. , 2012, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[160]  Yi Cui,et al.  High-capacity micrometer-sized Li2S particles as cathode materials for advanced rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[161]  A. Majumdar,et al.  Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future , 2012, Nature.

[162]  Sébastien Patoux,et al.  Lithium/sulfur cell discharge mechanism: an original approach for intermediate species identification. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[163]  L. Nazar,et al.  Spherical ordered mesoporous carbon nanoparticles with high porosity for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[164]  Alexej Jerschow,et al.  7Li MRI of Li batteries reveals location of microstructural lithium. , 2012, Nature materials.

[165]  Michael F Toney,et al.  In Operando X-ray diffraction and transmission X-ray microscopy of lithium sulfur batteries. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[166]  J. Tübke,et al.  High capacity vertical aligned carbon nanotube/sulfur composite cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[167]  Jun Liu,et al.  A Soft Approach to Encapsulate Sulfur: Polyaniline Nanotubes for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries with Long Cycle Life , 2012, Advanced materials.

[168]  Sébastien Patoux,et al.  New insights into the limiting parameters of the Li/S rechargeable cell , 2012 .

[169]  Kai Xie,et al.  Analysis of Polysulfide Dissolved in Electrolyte in Discharge-Charge Process of Li-S Battery , 2012 .

[170]  Jean-Marie Tarascon,et al.  Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage. , 2011, Nature materials.

[171]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  Sulfur‐Impregnated Activated Carbon Fiber Cloth as a Binder‐Free Cathode for Rechargeable Li‐S Batteries , 2011, Advanced materials.

[172]  Jie Gao,et al.  Effects of Liquid Electrolytes on the Charge–Discharge Performance of Rechargeable Lithium/Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemical and in-Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Studies , 2011 .

[173]  B. Dunn,et al.  Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices , 2011, Science.

[174]  Yi Cui,et al.  Improving the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries by conductive polymer coating. , 2011, ACS nano.

[175]  Chunsheng Wang,et al.  Sulfur-impregnated disordered carbon nanotubes cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2011, Nano letters.

[176]  Guangyuan Zheng,et al.  Hollow carbon nanofiber-encapsulated sulfur cathodes for high specific capacity rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2011, Nano letters.

[177]  Gérard Férey,et al.  Cathode composites for Li-S batteries via the use of oxygenated porous architectures. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[178]  H. Dai,et al.  Graphene-wrapped sulfur particles as a rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery cathode material with high capacity and cycling stability. , 2011, Nano letters.

[179]  L. Archer,et al.  Porous hollow carbon@sulfur composites for high-power lithium-sulfur batteries. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[180]  Xiulei Ji,et al.  Stabilizing lithium-sulphur cathodes using polysulphide reservoirs. , 2011, Nature communications.

[181]  Zhenguo Yang,et al.  Sandwich-type functionalized graphene sheet-sulfur nanocomposite for rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2011, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[182]  Jun Jin,et al.  Highly dispersed sulfur in ordered mesoporous carbon sphere as a composite cathode for rechargeable , 2011 .

[183]  Li Li,et al.  Sulfur/Polythiophene with a Core/Shell Structure: Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of the Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2011 .

[184]  Y. Chiang.  Building a Better Battery , 2010, Science.

[185]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  Morphological and Structural Studies of Composite Sulfur Electrodes upon Cycling by HRTEM, AFM and Raman Spectroscopy , 2010 .

[186]  Xueping Gao,et al.  Enhancement of long stability of sulfur cathode by encapsulating sulfur into micropores of carbon spheres , 2010 .

[187]  Bruno Scrosati,et al.  A high-performance polymer tin sulfur lithium ion battery. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[188]  Yi Cui,et al.  New nanostructured Li2S/silicon rechargeable battery with high specific energy. , 2010, Nano letters.

[189]  C. Liang,et al.  Hierarchically Structured Sulfur/Carbon Nanocomposite Material for High-Energy Lithium Battery , 2009 .

[190]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  On the Surface Chemical Aspects of Very High Energy Density, Rechargeable Li–Sulfur Batteries , 2009 .

[191]  L. Nazar,et al.  A highly ordered nanostructured carbon-sulphur cathode for lithium-sulphur batteries. , 2009, Nature materials.

[192]  Xinping Qiu,et al.  Improvement of cycle property of sulfur-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite cathode for lithium/sulfur batteries , 2009 .

[193]  Jou-Hyeon Ahn,et al.  Rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery with liquid electrolytes containing toluene as additive , 2008 .

[194]  Ralph E. White,et al.  A Mathematical Model for a Lithium–Sulfur Cell , 2008 .

[195]  Elton J. Cairns,et al.  N-Methyl-(n-butyl)pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-LiTFSI–poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether mixture as a Li/S cell electrolyte , 2008 .

[196]  M. Armand,et al.  Building better batteries , 2008, Nature.

[197]  K. W. Kim,et al.  Electrochemical properties of sulfur electrode containing nano Al2O3 for lithium/sulfur cell , 2007 .

[198]  Jou-Hyeon Ahn,et al.  Discharge properties of all-solid sodium–sulfur battery using poly (ethylene oxide) electrolyte , 2007 .

[199]  Jou-Hyeon Ahn,et al.  Rechargeable lithium/sulfur battery with suitable mixed liquid electrolytes , 2007 .

[200]  Jiulin Wang,et al.  Room temperature Na/S batteries with sulfur composite cathode materials , 2007 .

[201]  Jun Chen,et al.  Sulphur-polypyrrole composite positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries , 2006 .

[202]  Jou-Hyeon Ahn,et al.  Room-temperature solid-state sodium/sulfur battery , 2006 .

[203]  Yuriy V. Mikhaylik,et al.  Li/S fundamental chemistry and application to high-performance rechargeable batteries , 2004 .

[204]  Yuriy V. Mikhaylik,et al.  Polysulfide Shuttle Study in the Li/S Battery System , 2004 .

[205]  John A. Turner,et al.  Sustainable Hydrogen Production , 2004, Science.

[206]  Yong-Mook Kang,et al.  Effects of Nanosized Adsorbing Material on Electrochemical Properties of Sulfur Cathodes for Li/S Secondary Batteries , 2004 .

[207]  Jing-ying Xie,et al.  All solid-state rechargeable lithium cells based on nano-sulfur composite cathodes , 2004 .

[208]  Fuminori Mizuno,et al.  All-solid-state Li/S batteries with highly conductive glass–ceramic electrolytes , 2003 .

[209]  Sang-Cheol Han,et al.  Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Electrochemical Properties of Lithium/Sulfur Rechargeable Batteries , 2003 .

[210]  Hee‐Tak Kim,et al.  Rechargeable Lithium Sulfur Battery I. Structural Change of Sulfur Cathode During Discharge and Charge , 2003 .

[211]  Hee‐Tak Kim,et al.  Rechargeable Lithium Sulfur Battery II. Rate Capability and Cycle Characteristics , 2003 .

[212]  Hee‐Tak Kim,et al.  Binary electrolyte based on tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether and 1,3-dioxolane for lithium-sulfur battery , 2002 .

[213]  Junho Ahn,et al.  Electrochemical properties and interfacial stability of (PEO)10LiCF3SO3–TinO2n−1 composite polymer electrolytes for lithium/sulfur battery , 2002 .

[214]  Naixin Xu,et al.  A novel conductive polymer-sulfur composite cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries , 2002 .

[215]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  A short review of failure mechanisms of lithium metal and lithiated graphite anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions , 2002 .

[216]  J. Dahn,et al.  Electrochemically Active Lithia/Metal and Lithium Sulfide/Metal Composites , 2002 .

[217]  D. Aurbach.  Review of selected electrode–solution interactions which determine the performance of Li and Li ion batteries , 2000 .

[218]  K. Striebel,et al.  Electrochemical performance of lithium/sulfur cells with three different polymer electrolytes , 2000 .

[219]  K. Kanamura,et al.  Surface Condition Changes in Lithium Metal Deposited in Nonaqueous Electrolyte Containing HF by Dissolution‐Deposition Cycles , 1999 .

[220]  B. Scrosati,et al.  Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries , 1998, Nature.

[221]  Tao Zheng,et al.  Mechanisms for Lithium Insertion in Carbonaceous Materials , 1995, Science.

[222]  Emanuel Peled,et al.  Lithium Sulfur Battery Oxidation/Reduction Mechanisms of Polysulfides in THF Solutions , 1988 .

[223]  Emanuel Peled,et al.  Electrochemistry of a nonaqueous lithium/sulfur cell , 1983 .

[224]  M. Whittingham,et al.  Electrical Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry , 1976, Science.