C-reactive protein and the biology of disease

The C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein of hepatic origin, belonging to pentraxin family and forms a major component of any inflammatory reaction. A key component of the innate immunity pathway, the concentration of CRP may rapidly increase to levels more than 1,000-folds above normal values as a consequence to tissue injury or infection. Although functioning as a classical mediator of innate immunity, it functions via interaction of components of both humoral and cellular effector systems of inflammation. Initially considered as an acute-phase marker in tissue injury, infection and inflammation, it now has a distinct status of a disease marker in cardiovascular diseases and is well known of its clinical and pathological significance. The present torrent of studies in a large number of diseases and associated conditions has highly elucidated the role of CRP as a therapeutic and research reagent. In this review, we focus our attention to role of CRP in health and disease. The future prospect of this review lies in the applicability of CRP as a molecule in understanding and monitoring of the biology of disease.

[1]  D. Dongmo,et al.  Predictors of childhood severe malaria in a densely populated area: Douala, Cameroon , 2011 .

[2]  I. Kushner,et al.  SERUM C‐REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVELS IN DISEASE * , 1982, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[3]  Paul M. Ridker,et al.  Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  E. Poehlman,et al.  Weight Loss Reduces C-Reactive Protein Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women , 2002, Circulation.

[5]  M. H. Kaplan,et al.  Studies of acute phase protein. I. An immunohistochemical method for the localization of Cx-reactive protein in rabbits. Association with necrosis in local inflammatory lesions. , 1961 .

[6]  P. Libby,et al.  Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  A. Maseri,et al.  Measurement of serum C-reactive protein concentration in myocardial ischaemia and infarction. , 1982, British heart journal.

[8]  T. Erlinger,et al.  C-reactive protein levels and subsequent cancer outcomes: results from a prospective cohort study. , 2006, European journal of cancer.

[9]  M. Pepys,et al.  The pentraxins, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component, are cleared and catabolized by hepatocytes in vivo. , 1994, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[10]  U. d’Alessandro,et al.  Decreased Antitoxic Activities among Children with Clinical Episodes of Malaria , 1998, Infection and Immunity.

[11]  Ling-Hao Li,et al.  The connection between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic vasculopathy. Focus on preclinical findings. , 2010, Current diabetes reviews.

[12]  M. Pepys,et al.  Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein. , 1983, Advances in immunology.

[13]  N. Rifai,et al.  C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: a review of risk prediction and interventions. , 2002, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[14]  P. Gerke,et al.  The kidney as a second site of human C‐reactive protein formation in vivo , 2003, European journal of immunology.

[15]  J. Weiser,et al.  Expression of C-Reactive Protein in the Human Respiratory Tract , 2001, Infection and Immunity.

[16]  H. Nahrevanian,et al.  Patterns of co-association of C-reactive protein and nitric oxide in malaria in endemic areas of Iran. , 2008, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

[17]  I. Kushner.  [35] The acute phase response: An overview , 1988 .

[18]  M. Pfeffer,et al.  Long-Term Effects of Pravastatin on Plasma Concentration of C-reactive Protein , 1999 .

[19]  J. Volanakis,et al.  Human C-reactive protein: expression, structure, and function. , 2001, Molecular immunology.

[20]  C. Garlanda,et al.  Pentraxins at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility. , 2005, Annual review of immunology.

[21]  C. Mandal,et al.  Unraveling the C-reactive Protein Complement-Cascade in Destruction of Red Blood Cells: Potential Pathological Implications in Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria , 2009, Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry.

[22]  D. Atochin,et al.  C-Reactive Protein Causes Insulin Resistance in Mice Through Fcγ Receptor IIB–Mediated Inhibition of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Delivery , 2013, Diabetes.

[23]  B. Nordestgaard,et al.  Elevated C-reactive protein in the diagnosis, prognosis, and cause of cancer , 2011, Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences.

[24]  C. Mandal,et al.  Disease-associated glycosylated molecular variants of human C-reactive protein activate complement-mediated hemolysis of erythrocytes in tuberculosis and Indian visceral leishmaniasis , 2009, Glycoconjugate Journal.

[25]  J. Olafsen.  Role of lectins (C-reactive protein) in defense of marine bivalves against bacteria. , 1995, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[26]  E. Borba,et al.  The role of inflammation, humoral and cell mediated autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. , 2008, Swiss medical weekly.

[27]  T. Kempf,et al.  Induction of glycosylation in human C-reactive protein under different pathological conditions. , 2003, Biochemical Journal.

[28]  M. H. Kaplan,et al.  Studies of acute-phase protein. II. Localization of Cx-reactive protein in heart in induced myocardial infarction in rabbits. , 1963, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[29]  F. Mahmoud,et al.  The role of C-reactive protein as a prognostic indicator in advanced cancer , 2002, Current oncology reports.

[30]  P. Kaye,et al.  C-reactive protein binds to a novel ligand on Leishmania donovani and increases uptake into human macrophages. , 1996, Journal of immunology.

[31]  P. Libby,et al.  Interleukin-1β inhibition and the prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events: rationale and design of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS). , 2011, American heart journal.

[32]  H. Rafatpanah,et al.  Is there any correlation between high sensitive CRP and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus? , 2011, Lupus.

[33]  P. Salotra,et al.  Circulating nitric oxide and C-reactive protein levels in Indian kala azar patients: correlation with clinical outcome. , 2007, Clinical immunology.

[34]  I. Bygbjerg,et al.  Laboratory indicators of the diagnosis and course of imported malaria , 2007, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[35]  Arch G Mainous,et al.  C-reactive protein and glycemic control in adults with diabetes. , 2003, Diabetes care.

[36]  J. Gallacher,et al.  C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction. , 2012, The New England journal of medicine.

[37]  I. Otterness.  The value of C-reactive protein measurement in rheumatoid arthritis. , 1994, Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism.

[38]  A. Nagpurkar,et al.  A novel phosphorylcholine-binding protein from rat serum and its effect on heparin-lipoprotein complex formation in the presence of calcium. , 1981, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[39]  S. Wood,et al.  The physiological structure of human C-reactive protein and its complex with phosphocholine. , 1999, Structure.

[40]  C. Mandal,et al.  Microheterogeneity of C-reactive protein in the sera of fish Labeo rohita induced by metal pollutants. , 1996, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[41]  J. Danesh,et al.  C-reactive protein in healthy and in sick populations. , 2000, European heart journal.

[42]  G. Thorbecke,et al.  THE LIVER AS THE SITE OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN FORMATION , 1966, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[43]  G. Taylor,et al.  Isolation and characterization of pharmaceutical grade human pentraxins, serum amyloid P component and C‐reactive protein, for clinical use , 2012, Journal of immunological methods.

[44]  Thomas Francis,et al.  SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS IN PNEUMONIA WITH A NON-PROTEIN SOMATIC FRACTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS , 1930, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[45]  C. Mold,et al.  Sublytic complement attack exposes C-reactive protein binding sites on cell membranes. , 1994, Journal of immunology.

[46]  C. Mandal,et al.  Glycosylated molecular variants of C-reactive proteins from the major carp Catla catla in fresh and polluted aquatic environments , 2001, Glycoconjugate Journal.

[47]  B. Chiang,et al.  Comparative usefulness of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. , 2007, Clinical and experimental rheumatology.

[48]  J. Raynes,et al.  C‐reactive protein‐mediated phagocytosis of Leishmania donovani promastigotes does not alter parasite survival or macrophage responses , 2002, Parasite immunology.

[49]  M. Ferguson,et al.  C-reactive protein binds to phosphorylated carbohydrates. , 2000, Glycobiology.

[50]  U. Das.  Is obesity an inflammatory condition? , 2001, Nutrition.

[51]  T. Liu,et al.  Limulin: a C-reactive protein from Limulus polyphemus. , 1981, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[52]  P. Mcgeer,et al.  Generation of C-reactive protein and complement components in atherosclerotic plaques. , 2001, The American journal of pathology.

[53]  Mark B Pepys,et al.  C-reactive protein: a critical update. , 2003, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[54]  R. Olson,et al.  Atherogenesis in children: implications for the prevention of atherosclerosis. , 2000, Advances in pediatrics.

[55]  C. Mandal,et al.  Role of C-reactive protein in complement-mediated hemolysis in Malaria , 2006, Glycoconjugate Journal.

[56]  T. D. Du Clos,et al.  C-reactive protein reacts with the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. , 1989, Journal of immunology.

[57]  S. Thompson,et al.  Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[58]  A. Feinstein,et al.  Analogues in other mammals and in fish of human plasma proteins, C-reactive protein and amyloid P component , 1978, Nature.

[59]  W Graninger,et al.  High plasma levels of nitrogen oxides are associated with severe disease and correlate with rapid parasitological and clinical cure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. , 1996, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[60]  S. Bojesen,et al.  Elevated pre-treatment levels of plasma C-reactive protein are associated with poor prognosis after breast cancer: a cohort study , 2011, Breast Cancer Research.

[61]  I. Kushner.  C-Reactive Protein and Atherosclerosis , 2002, Science.

[62]  H. F. Wood,et al.  THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD , 1947, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[63]  S. Thompson,et al.  Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina , 1997, The Lancet.

[64]  P. Bourée,et al.  Diagnostic d'une hyperéosinophilie sanguine , 2000 .

[65]  Edward T H Yeh,et al.  Coming of age of C-reactive protein: using inflammation markers in cardiology. , 2003, Circulation.

[66]  T. Theander,et al.  High levels of C-reactive protein in the peripheral blood during visceral leishmaniasis predict subsequent development of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. , 2000, Acta tropica.

[67]  A. Sheriff,et al.  CRP and the disposal of dying cells: Consequences for systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis , 2007, Autoimmunity.

[68]  M. Pepys,et al.  Isolation of human C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component. , 1982, Journal of immunological methods.

[69]  I. Kushner,et al.  C-reactive protein and systemic lupus erythematosus. , 2008, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[70]  J. Olshaker,et al.  The C-reactive protein. , 1999, The Journal of emergency medicine.

[71]  S. Chandrashekara,et al.  Measures in rheumatoid arthritis: are we measuring too many parameters , 2012, International journal of rheumatic diseases.

[72]  J. Raynes,et al.  Transformation of Leishmania mexicana metacyclic promastigotes to amastigote-like forms mediated by binding of human C-reactive protein , 2001, Parasitology.

[73]  J. Wright,et al.  Expression of C-reactive protein by alveolar macrophages. , 1996, Journal of immunology.

[74]  M. Pepys,et al.  C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: new insights from an old molecule. , 2003, QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians.

[75]  P. K. Sinha,et al.  Study of C reactive protein as a prognostic marker in malaria from Eastern India , 2012, Advanced biomedical research.

[76]  T. D. Du Clos,et al.  Analysis of the binding of C-reactive protein to histones and chromatin. , 1988, Journal of immunology.

[77]  P. Limburg,et al.  C-reactive protein levels during disease exacerbations and infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective longitudinal study. , 1990, The Journal of rheumatology.

[78]  T. Erlinger,et al.  C-reactive protein and the risk of incident colorectal cancer. , 2004, JAMA.

[79]  C. Mandal,et al.  Lectin like properties and differential sugar binding characteristics of C-reactive proteins purified from sera of normal and pollutant induced Labeo rohita , 1999, Glycoconjugate Journal.

[80]  L. Marnell,et al.  C-reactive protein binds to Fc gamma RI in transfected COS cells. , 1995, Journal of immunology.