14 Atherosclerosis in Indigenous Tsimane A Contemporary Perspective

The Horus and other research teams have found that atherosclerosis is not uncommon in ancient people through the study of their mummified remains (Murphy et al., 2003; Allam et al., 2009, 2011; Thompson et al., 2013, 2014). However, some have postulated that traditional hunter-gatherers are in some ways healthier than modern people and that they had very little atherosclerotic disease (O’Keefe et al., 2010). The aim of this study was to evaluate the burden of atherosclerosis in a population alive today but living a traditional lifestyle similar to that experienced by past populations. This led to the Tsimane Health and Life History Project Team (THLHP) (Gurven et al., 2017) and the Horus Study Team combining efforts to evaluate the prevalence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis in the Tsimane of Bolivia (Kaplan et al., 2017).

[1]  Gretchen A. Stevens,et al.  World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions , 2019, The Lancet. Global health.

[2]  Caleb E. Finch,et al.  Is coronary calcium scoring too late? Total body arterial calcium burden in patients without known CAD and normal MPI , 2018, Journal of Nuclear Cardiology.

[3]  M. Gurven,et al.  Nutrition transition in 2 lowland Bolivian subsistence populations. , 2018, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[4]  M. Gurven,et al.  Are intestinal worms nature's anti-atherosclerosis vaccine? , 2018, European heart journal.

[5]  Randall C. Thompson,et al.  ATHEROSCLEROSIS AS MANIFEST BY THORACIC AORTIC CALCIUM: INSIGHTS FROM A REMOTE NATIVE POPULATION WITH EXTREMELY LOW LEVELS OF CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND TRADITIONAL CV RISK FACTORS , 2018 .

[6]  Michael Gurven,et al.  Coronary atherosclerosis in indigenous South American Tsimane: a cross-sectional cohort study , 2017, The Lancet.

[7]  Paul L. Hooper,et al.  The Tsimane Health and Life History Project: Integrating anthropology and biomedicine , 2017, Evolutionary anthropology.

[8]  M. Gurven,et al.  Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in evolutionary perspective: A critical role for helminths? , 2016, Evolution, medicine, and public health.

[9]  A. Orekhov,et al.  Links between atherosclerotic and periodontal disease. , 2016, Experimental and molecular pathology.

[10]  Salim Yusuf,et al.  The World Heart Federation's vision for worldwide cardiovascular disease prevention , 2015, The Lancet.

[11]  V. Fuster,et al.  Prevalence, Vascular Distribution, and Multiterritorial Extent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a Middle-Aged Cohort: The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) Study , 2015, Circulation.

[12]  Randall C. Thompson,et al.  The Orthopedic Diseases of Ancient Egypt , 2015, Anatomical record.

[13]  Randall C. Thompson,et al.  Computed tomographic evidence of atherosclerosis in the mummified remains of humans from around the world. , 2014, Global heart.

[14]  M. Gurven,et al.  Successful hunting increases testosterone and cortisol in a subsistence population , 2014, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[15]  M. Gurven,et al.  Age-independent increases in male salivary testosterone during horticultural activity among Tsimane forager-farmers. , 2013, Evolution and human behavior : official journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society.

[16]  Randall C. Thompson,et al.  Atherosclerosis across 4000 years of human history: the Horus study of four ancient populations , 2013, The Lancet.

[17]  R. Kronmal,et al.  Progression of coronary calcium and incident coronary heart disease events: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[18]  M. Gurven,et al.  Physical Activity and Modernization among Bolivian Amerindians , 2013, PloS one.

[19]  S. Blair,et al.  Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy , 2012, BDJ.

[20]  P. Kris-Etherton,et al.  Trans Fatty Acid Intakes and Food Sources in the U.S. Population: NHANES 1999–2002 , 2012, Lipids.

[21]  M. Gurven,et al.  Fatty acid composition in the mature milk of Bolivian forager-horticulturalists: controlled comparisons with a US sample. , 2012, Maternal & child nutrition.

[22]  Randall C. Thompson,et al.  Atherosclerosis in ancient Egyptian mummies: the Horus study. , 2011, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[23]  A. Heagerty,et al.  Atherosclerosis and diet in ancient Egypt , 2010, The Lancet.

[24]  Randall C. Thompson,et al.  Computed tomographic assessment of atherosclerosis in ancient Egyptian mummies. , 2009, JAMA.

[25]  M. Gurven,et al.  Inflammation and Infection Do Not Promote Arterial Aging and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Lean Horticulturalists , 2009, PloS one.

[26]  Børge G Nordestgaard,et al.  Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial , 2009, The Lancet.

[27]  P. Freedson,et al.  Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors in the United States, 2003-2004. , 2008, American journal of epidemiology.

[28]  J. Wylie-Rosett,et al.  Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee , 2006, Circulation.

[29]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study , 2004, The Lancet.

[30]  Horst Seidler,et al.  The iceman: discovery and imaging. , 2003, Radiology.

[31]  D. Grönemeyer,et al.  Assessment of clinically silent atherosclerotic disease and established and novel risk factors for predicting myocardial infarction and cardiac death in healthy middle-aged subjects: rationale and design of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study. Risk Factors, Evaluation of Coronary Calcium and Lifestyle. , 2002, American heart journal.

[32]  Jeffrey L. Anderson,et al.  The role of inflammation and infection in the pathogenesis and evolution of coronary artery disease , 2002, Current cardiology reports.

[33]  W D Wagner,et al.  A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. , 1995, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[34]  P. Nilsson-ehle,et al.  Cardiovascular risk factors in a Melanesian population apparently free from stroke and ischaemic heart disease: the Kitava study , 1994, Journal of internal medicine.

[35]  R. Detrano,et al.  Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. , 1990, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[36]  J. Neel,et al.  Blood Pressure, Sodium Intake, and Sodium Related Hormones in the Yanomamo Indians, a “No‐salt” Culture , 1975, Circulation.

[37]  S. Das,et al.  Effects of Ethnic Origin, Dietary and Life-style Habits on Plasma Lipid Profiles—A Study of Three Population Groups , 1994 .

[38]  D. Crews,et al.  Lipid profiles of Yanomamo Indians of Brazil. , 1990, Preventive medicine.