Clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to levofloxacin contain mutations in both gyrA and parC genes.

[1]  N. Woodford,et al.  Characterization of OXA-25, OXA-26, and OXA-27, Molecular Class D β-Lactamases Associated with Carbapenem Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii , 2001, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[2]  C. Whitney,et al.  Activities of Clinafloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, and Trovafloxacin against Recent Clinical Isolates of Levofloxacin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[3]  L. Mandell,et al.  Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae: Contributions of Type II Topoisomerase Mutations and Efflux to Levels of Resistance , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[4]  D. Sahm,et al.  Analysis of Ciprofloxacin Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae after 10 Years of Use in the United States , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[5]  D. Briles,et al.  A Latex Bead-Based Flow Cytometric Immunoassay Capable of Simultaneous Typing of Multiple Pneumococcal Serotypes (Multibead Assay) , 2000, Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology.

[6]  J. Millichap,et al.  Intracellular targets of moxifloxacin: a comparison with other fluoroquinolones. , 2000, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[7]  C. Nightingale.  Moxifloxacin, a New Antibiotic Designed to Treat Community‐Acquired Respiratory Tract Infections: A Review of Microbiologic and Pharmacokinetic‐Pharmacodynamic Characteristics , 2000, Pharmacotherapy.

[8]  L. Peterson,et al.  A Convenient Assay for Estimating the Possible Involvement of Efflux of Fluoroquinolones by Streptococcus pneumoniae andStaphylococcus aureus: Evidence for Diminished Moxifloxacin, Sparfloxacin, and Trovafloxacin Efflux , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[9]  K. Köhrer,et al.  Prevalence of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE Mutations in Clinical Isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae with Decreased Susceptibilities to Different Fluoroquinolones and Originating from Worldwide Surveillance Studies during the 1997-1998 Respiratory Season , 2000, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[10]  M. Kuehnert,et al.  Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[11]  D E Low,et al.  Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada. Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[12]  K. Hiramatsu,et al.  Primary Targets of Fluoroquinolones inStreptococcus pneumoniae , 1999, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[13]  M. Ferraro,et al.  Activities of Newer Fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolates Including Those with Mutations in the gyrA, parC, and parELoci , 1999, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[14]  R. Wise,et al.  Identification of an Efflux Pump Gene,pmrA, Associated with Fluoroquinolone Resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniae , 1999, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[15]  S. Hill,et al.  Activities of New Fluoroquinolones against Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pathogens of the Lower Respiratory Tract , 1998, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[16]  N. Kusano,et al.  Sparfloxacin Resistance in Clinical Isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae: Involvement of Multiple Mutations in gyrA and parC Genes , 1998, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[17]  R. Wise,et al.  Prevalence of a Putative Efflux Mechanism among Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Clinical Isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae , 1998, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[18]  E. Swiatlo,et al.  Comparative in vitro activities of four new fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae determined by Etest. , 1998, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[19]  L. Fisher,et al.  Targeting of DNA gyrase in Streptococcus pneumoniae by sparfloxacin: selective targeting of gyrase or topoisomerase IV by quinolones , 1997, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[20]  L. Gutmann,et al.  High-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae requires mutations in parC and gyrA , 1996, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[21]  J. Ambler,et al.  Involvement of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase as ciprofloxacin targets in Streptococcus pneumoniae , 1996, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[22]  L. Fisher,et al.  Cloning and characterization of the parC and parE genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae encoding DNA topoisomerase IV: role in fluoroquinolone resistance , 1996, Journal of bacteriology.