State-sum invariants of knotted curves and surfaces from quandle cohomology

State-sum invariants for classical knots and knotted surfaces in 4-space are developed via the cohomology theory of quandles. Cohomology groups of quandles are computed to evaluate the invariants. Some twist spun torus knots are shown to be noninvertible using the invariants.

[1]  R. Hartley Identifying non-invertible knots , 1983 .

[2]  M. Saito,et al.  Quandle Homology Groups, Their Betti Numbers, and Virtual Knots , 1999, math/9909161.

[3]  E. Zeeman,et al.  Twisting spun knots , 1965 .

[4]  S. Kamada,et al.  ABSTRACT LINK DIAGRAMS AND VIRTUAL KNOTS , 2000 .

[5]  M. Wakui On Dijkgraaf-Witten invariant for 3-manifolds , 1992 .

[6]  A. Kawauchi The invertibility problem on amphicheiral excellent knots , 1979 .

[7]  L. Rudolph Braided surfaces and seifert ribbons for closed braids , 1983 .

[8]  W. Rosicki Some simple invariants of the position of a surface in [R^4] , 1998 .

[9]  S. Matveev DISTRIBUTIVE GROUPOIDS IN KNOT THEORY , 1984 .

[10]  Dennis Roseman,et al.  Reidemeister-type moves for surfaces in four-dimensional space , 1998 .

[11]  Daniel Ruberman DOUBLY SLICE KNOTS AND THE CASSON-GORDON INVARIANTS , 1983 .

[12]  Akio Kawauchi,et al.  A Survey of Knot Theory , 1996 .

[13]  Masahico Saito,et al.  Quandle cohomology and state-sum invariants of knotted curves and surfaces , 1999, math/9903135.

[14]  Structures and Diagrammatics of Four Dimensional Topological Lattice Field Theories , 1998, math/9806023.

[15]  Computations of Quandle Cocycle Invariants of Knotted Curves and Surfaces , 1999, math/9906115.

[16]  E. Witten,et al.  Topological gauge theories and group cohomology , 1990 .

[17]  S. Kamada On braid monodromies of non-simple braided surfaces , 1996, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[18]  Kunio Murasugi,et al.  Knot theory and its applications , 1996 .

[19]  David Joyce,et al.  A classifying invariant of knots, the knot quandle , 1982 .

[20]  Vaughan F. R. Jones,et al.  Hecke algebra representations of braid groups and link polynomials , 1987 .

[21]  John C. Baez,et al.  Higher-dimensional algebra IV: 2-tangles , 1998 .

[22]  M. Saito,et al.  Knotted Surfaces and Their Diagrams , 1997 .

[23]  Roger Fenn,et al.  RACKS AND LINKS IN CODIMENSION TWO , 1992 .

[24]  L. Kauffman Knots And Physics , 1991 .

[25]  S. Kamada A characterization of groups of closed orientable surfaces in 4-space , 1994 .

[26]  S. Kamada SURFACES IN R4 OF BRAID INDEX THREE ARE RIBBON , 1992 .

[27]  M. E. Bozhüyük Topics in knot theory , 1993 .

[28]  S. Kamada 2-Dimensional Braids and Chart Descriptions , 1993 .

[29]  Alexander’s and Markov’s theorems in dimension four , 1994, math/9407217.

[30]  M. Saito,et al.  Canceling branch points on projections of surfaces in 4-space , 1992 .

[31]  J. Hillman Finite knot modules and the factorization of certain simple knots , 1981 .

[32]  M. Saito,et al.  ON FORMULATIONS AND SOLUTIONS OF SIMPLEX EQUATIONS , 1996 .

[33]  S. Kamada AN OBSERVATION OF SURFACE BRAIDS VIA CHART DESCRIPTION , 1996 .

[34]  H. Trotter Non-invertible knots exist , 1963 .

[35]  Roger Fenn,et al.  Trunks and classifying spaces , 1995, Appl. Categorical Struct..