Genome balance and dosage effect drive allopolyploid formation in Brassica

Significance Polyploidy has played a major role in the evolution of flowering plants, yet little is known about the genetic mechanisms that contribute to the formation and stability of polyploids. In this study, we discovered that allopolyploid formation via allotriploids was a feasible and gradual process using aneuploids as intermediates and driven by genome balance and dosage effects. Interploidy hybrids between allotetraploid B. napus and diploid B. rapa ultimately developed into new allopolyploids, indicating that the reproductive barrier against allotetraploidy reversion to diploidy was enhanced while gene flow from diploids to allotetraploids was promoted by this process. Our findings provide a mechanism of polyploid formation and persistence.

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