Large‐Scale Expansion of Mammary Epithelial Stem Cell Aggregates in Suspension Bioreactors

Mutations in the pathways regulating mammary epithelial stem cell (MESC) self‐renewal and differentiation are currently hypothesized to result in uncontrolled cell division and, in turn, breast tumor formation. Although research is aggressively being pursued to understand how such pathways result in breast cancer formation, current studies have been greatly limited by MESC scarcity. To address this issue, this study has successfully developed large‐scale expansion protocols for MESC through the subculture of murine mammary epithelial tissue aggregates, called mammospheres, in suspension bioreactors. Growth kinetics of mammospheres cultured in 125 mL suspension bioreactors and T‐flasks were found to be comparable, achieving cell densities of 3.10 × 105 and 2.75 × 105 cells/mL, respectively. This corresponded to a 4‐fold expansion over 8 days. Yields were also found to be strongly affected by liquid shear forces, where high agitation rates reduced overall cell numbers. Bioreactor cultures were scaled up to 1000 mL operating volumes, resulting in the production of 4.21 × 108 total cells (5.6‐fold expansion) from a single passage. Furthermore, intermittent replacement of culture medium with fresh medium dramatically improved maximum cell densities, resulting in an 11‐fold expansion, thereby enabling the generation of stem cells in quantities sufficient for standard biochemical and genetic analyses. After being cultured in suspension bioreactors for several passages, analysis by flow cytometry of Ki‐67 revealed that 85% of the population was composed of proliferating cells. The successful development of expansion protocols for MESC aggregates in suspension bioreactors makes available experimental avenues that were not previously accessible for breast cancer research, thereby facilitating future investigations into elucidating the role of MESCs in breast cancer tumorigenesis.