Bipolar Electrochemistry with Organic Single Crystals for Wireless Synthesis of Metal–Organic Janus Objects and Asymmetric Photovoltage Generation

Bipolar electrochemistry has recently emerged as a very unique method to address conducting particles in a wireless manner. The technique is often applied to the fabrication of Janus particles; however the chemical nature of the bipolar electrode has been essentially limited to carbon- or metal-based materials. Here, we report for the first time the use of conducting organic single crystals as bipolar electrodes for the preparation of a new generation of Janus objects. Fabre and Bechgaard salts involving respectively tetrathia- and tetraselenafulvalene were selected for proof-of-concept experiments. Such an approach allows to preserve the integrity of these fragile substrates because it necessitates neither electronic wiring nor mechanical contact. The site-selective electrodeposition of copper is successfully achieved, leading thus to a new metal–organic Janus structure. Subsequently, asymmetric generation of photovoltage under illumination is achieved due to the anisotropic presence of copper, making th...

[1]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  Selection of Highly SERS‐Active Nanostructures from a Size Gradient of Au Nanovoids on a Single Bipolar Electrode , 2016 .

[2]  L. Bouffier,et al.  Single‐Step Screening of the Potential Dependence of Metal Layer Morphologies along Bipolar Electrodes , 2016 .

[3]  M. Konuma,et al.  Selective functionalization of graphene peripheries by using bipolar electrochemistry. , 2016 .

[4]  A. Elwakil,et al.  Reduced Graphene Oxide Thin Film on Conductive Substrates by Bipolar Electrochemistry , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[5]  C. Sequeira,et al.  Bipolar Electrochemistry, a Focal Point of Future Research , 2016 .

[6]  L. Bouffier,et al.  Electric fields for generating unconventional motion of small objects , 2016 .

[7]  Yuki Koizumi,et al.  Electropolymerization on wireless electrodes towards conducting polymer microfibre networks , 2016, Nature Communications.

[8]  S. Inagi Fabrication of gradient polymer surfaces using bipolar electrochemistry , 2016 .

[9]  L. Bouffier,et al.  Generation of metal composition gradients by means of bipolar electrodeposition , 2015 .

[10]  H. Alawadhi,et al.  Dendritic CuO structures synthesized by bipolar electrochemical process for electrochemical energy storage , 2015 .

[11]  Y. Meng,et al.  Control of Friction Distribution on Stainless Steel Surface in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Aqueous Solution by Bipolar Electrochemistry , 2015, Tribology Letters.

[12]  L. Nyholm,et al.  Towards high throughput corrosion screening using arrays of bipolar electrodes , 2015 .

[13]  Dragan Manojlovic,et al.  3D electrogenerated chemiluminescence: from surface-confined reactions to bulk emission , 2015, Chemical science.

[14]  P. Ugo,et al.  Asymmetric Modification of TiO2 Nanofibers with Gold by Electric‐Field‐Assisted Photochemistry , 2014 .

[15]  P. Schmuki,et al.  Bipolar anodization enables the fabrication of controlled arrays of TiO2 nanotube gradients , 2014, 1610.04877.

[16]  Zhenzhong Yang,et al.  Rational Design and Synthesis of Janus Composites , 2014, Advanced materials.

[17]  N. Avarvari,et al.  Electrical magnetochiral anisotropy in a bulk chiral molecular conductor , 2014, Nature Communications.

[18]  S. Inagi,et al.  Bifunctional Modification of Conductive Particles by Iterative Bipolar Electrodeposition of Metals , 2014 .

[19]  A. Kuhn,et al.  Site-selective synthesis of Janus-type metal-organic framework composites. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  L. Bouffier,et al.  Straight-forward synthesis of ringed particles , 2014 .

[21]  N. Avarvari,et al.  Chirality driven metallic versus semiconducting behavior in a complete series of radical cation salts based on dimethyl-ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene (DM-EDT-TTF). , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[22]  L. Nyholm,et al.  Bipolar Electrochemistry for High-Throughput Corrosion Screening , 2013 .

[23]  L. Bouffier,et al.  Chemiluminescence from asymmetric inorganic surface layers generated by bipolar electrochemistry. , 2013, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[24]  Neso Sojic,et al.  Bipolar electrochemistry: from materials science to motion and beyond. , 2013, Accounts of chemical research.

[25]  Jing Li,et al.  New insight into a microfluidic-based bipolar system for an electrochemiluminescence sensing platform. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  Andreas Walther,et al.  Janus particles: synthesis, self-assembly, physical properties, and applications. , 2013, Chemical reviews.

[27]  A. Kuhn,et al.  Wireless electrografting of molecular layers for Janus particle synthesis. , 2013, Chemistry.

[28]  Alexander Kuhn,et al.  Indirect bipolar electrodeposition. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[29]  L. Bouffier,et al.  Controlled Orientation of Asymmetric Copper Deposits on Carbon Microobjects by Bipolar Electrochemistry , 2012 .

[30]  Alexander Kuhn,et al.  True Bulk Synthesis of Janus Objects by Bipolar Electrochemistry , 2012, Advanced materials.

[31]  Alexander Kuhn,et al.  Bulk synthesis of Janus objects and asymmetric patchy particles , 2012 .

[32]  Jing-Juan Xu,et al.  Sensitive electrochemiluminescence detection of c-Myc mRNA in breast cancer cells on a wireless bipolar electrode. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[33]  Limin Wu,et al.  Fabrication, properties and applications of Janus particles. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[34]  S. Inagi,et al.  Site-controlled application of electric potential on a conducting polymer "canvas". , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[35]  Patrick Garrigue,et al.  Straightforward single-step generation of microswimmers by bipolar electrochemistry , 2011 .

[36]  S. Inagi,et al.  Gradient doping of conducting polymer films by means of bipolar electrochemistry. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[37]  M. Delville,et al.  Versatile Procedure for Synthesis of Janus-Type Carbon Tubes , 2011 .

[38]  C. Shannon,et al.  Screening the optical properties of Ag-Au alloy gradients formed by bipolar electrodeposition using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[39]  S. Inagi,et al.  Bipolar patterning of conducting polymers by electrochemical doping and reaction. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[40]  M. Delville,et al.  Single point electrodeposition of nickel for the dissymmetric decoration of carbon tubes , 2010 .

[41]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  Bipolar electrodes: a useful tool for concentration, separation, and detection of analytes in microelectrochemical systems. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[42]  Curtis Shannon,et al.  Display of solid-state materials using bipolar electrochemistry. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[43]  Erik Luijten,et al.  Janus Particle Synthesis and Assembly , 2010, Advanced materials.

[44]  L. Nyholm,et al.  Formation of molecular gradients on bipolar electrodes. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[45]  M. Delville,et al.  Dissymmetric carbon nanotubes by bipolar electrochemistry. , 2008, Nano letters.

[46]  Serge Ravaine,et al.  Design and synthesis of Janus micro- and nanoparticles , 2005 .

[47]  P. Moretto,et al.  Field distribution and collection efficiency in an AlGaN metal–semiconductor–metal detector , 2002 .

[48]  J. Duval,et al.  Bipolar electrode behaviour of the aluminium surface in a lateral electric field , 2001 .

[49]  C. Carcel,et al.  Dielectric response of the charge-induced correlated state in the quasi-one-dimensional conductor ( TMTTF ) 2 PF 6 , 2000, cond-mat/0002068.

[50]  J. Bradley,et al.  Contactless Electrodeposition of Palladium Catalysts. , 1999, Angewandte Chemie.

[51]  E. Levillain,et al.  Spectroelectrochemistry of Electrogenerated Tetrathiafulvalene-Derivatized Poly(thiophenes): Toward a Rational Design of Organic Conductors with Mixed Conduction , 1998 .

[52]  J. Fabre,et al.  Transverse transport in organic conductors: possible evidence for a Luttinger liquid , 1998 .

[53]  J. Bradley,et al.  Creating electrical contacts between metal particles using directed electrochemical growth , 1997, Nature.

[54]  Debra R. Rolison,et al.  Electrochemical behavior of dispersions of spherical ultramicroelectrodes , 1986 .

[55]  C. S. Jacobsen,et al.  Optical and infrared properties of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene [(TMTSF)2X] and tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene [(TMTTF)2X] compounds , 1983 .

[56]  J. Fabre,et al.  Physical Properties of One Dimensional Conductors , 1979 .

[57]  D. Handley,et al.  Bipolar electrolysis with intra phase conduction in two phase media , 1973 .