Hierarchical structure of bone and micro-computed tomography.

Bone is highly complex, with multiple hierarchical levels of structure. Micro-CT has been able to provide much information about the properties of bone at several of these levels at the mid-range of bone's hierarchical structure, and it will continue to provide a valuable tool for further characterizing bone in various conditions and explaining mechanisms of bone failure.

[1]  Wilhelm Roux,et al.  Gesammelte Abhandlungen über Entwickelungsmechanik der Organismen / von Wilhelm Roux. , 1895 .

[2]  F. G. Evans,et al.  The mechanical properties of bone. , 1969, Artificial limbs.

[3]  K. Mardia.  Statistics of Directional Data , 1972 .

[4]  D R Carter,et al.  Mechanical properties and composition of cortical bone. , 1978, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[5]  W. Jee,et al.  The Skeletal Tissues , 1983 .

[6]  Jean Serra,et al.  Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphology , 1983 .

[7]  L. Feldkamp,et al.  Practical cone-beam algorithm , 1984 .

[8]  John D. Currey,et al.  The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones , 1984 .

[9]  Kanatani Ken-Ichi,et al.  Procedures for stereological estimation of structural anisotropy , 1985 .

[10]  L. A. Feldkamp,et al.  The Effect of Aging on the Skeleton - implications for Changes in Tolerance , 1986 .

[11]  S. Goldstein.  The mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependence on anatomic location and function. , 1987, Journal of biomechanics.

[12]  A. Parfitt,et al.  Trabecular bone architecture in the pathogenesis and prevention of fracture. , 1987, The American journal of medicine.

[13]  J. Currey.  The effect of porosity and mineral content on the Young's modulus of elasticity of compact bone. , 1988, Journal of biomechanics.

[14]  D. J. Kubinski,et al.  Examination of subchondral bone architecture in experimental osteoarthritis by microscopic computed axial tomography. , 1988, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[15]  Steven A. Goldstein,et al.  A study of the variation of trabecular architectures in small volumes of bone using a microcomputed tomography system , 1988 .

[16]  S. Goldstein,et al.  The direct examination of three‐dimensional bone architecture in vitro by computed tomography , 1989, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[17]  P. Brinckmann,et al.  Prediction of the Compressive Strength of Human Lumbar Vertebrae , 1989, Spine.

[18]  H J Gundersen,et al.  Star volume of marrow space and trabeculae of the first lumbar vertebra: sampling efficiency and biological variation. , 1989, Bone.

[19]  L. S. Matthews,et al.  Comparison of the trabecular and cortical tissue moduli from human iliac crests , 1989, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[20]  W C Hayes,et al.  The use of quantitative computed tomography to estimate risk of fracture of the hip from falls. , 1990, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[21]  S. Goldstein,et al.  The elastic moduli of human subchondral, trabecular, and cortical bone tissue and the size-dependency of cortical bone modulus. , 1990, Journal of biomechanics.

[22]  L. Mosekilde,et al.  Sex differences in age-related changes in vertebral body size, density and biomechanical competence in normal individuals. , 1990, Bone.

[23]  H J Gundersen,et al.  Estimation of structural anisotropy based on volume orientation. A new concept , 1990, Journal of microscopy.

[24]  S A Goldstein,et al.  Morphometric and anisotropic symmetries of the canine distal femur , 1990, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[25]  H. Gundersen,et al.  Biologically meaningful determinants of the in vitro strength of lumbar vertebrae. , 1991, Bone.

[26]  D. Cody,et al.  Correlations Between Vertebral Regional Bone Mineral Density (rBMD) and Whole Bone Fracture Load , 1991, Spine.

[27]  G V Cochran,et al.  A new manual method for assessing two‐dimensional cancellous bone structure: Comparison between iliac crest and lumbar vertebra , 1991, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[28]  S A Goldstein,et al.  A comparison of the fatigue behavior of human trabecular and cortical bone tissue. , 1992, Journal of biomechanics.

[29]  S. Goldstein,et al.  A longitudinal study of subchondral plate and trabecular bone in cruciate-deficient dogs with osteoarthritis followed up for 54 months. , 1993, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[30]  M K Mansoura,et al.  A murine skeletal adaptation that significantly increases cortical bone mechanical properties. Implications for human skeletal fragility. , 1993, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[31]  T. M. Boyce,et al.  Cortical aging differences and fracture implications for the human femoral neck. , 1993, Bone.

[32]  The quantification of the structure and mechanical properties of trabecular bone. , 1993 .

[33]  C C Glüer,et al.  Prediction of hip fractures from pelvic radiographs: The study of osteoporotic fractures , 1994, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[34]  S A Goldstein,et al.  The relationship between the structural and orthogonal compressive properties of trabecular bone. , 1994, Journal of biomechanics.

[35]  J. Sayre,et al.  Vertebral size in elderly women with osteoporosis. Mechanical implications and relationship to fractures. , 1995, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[36]  S A Goldstein,et al.  Static and fatigue failure properties of thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies and their relation to regional density. , 1990, Journal of biomechanics.

[37]  C. Benhamou,et al.  [Bone structure and mechanical resistance of the bone tissue]. , 1996, Presse medicale.

[38]  G. Marotti.  The structure of bone tissues and the cellular control of their deposition. , 1996, Italian journal of anatomy and embryology = Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia.

[39]  S A Goldstein,et al.  Type I collagen mutation alters the strength and fatigue behavior of Mov13 cortical tissue. , 1997, Journal of biomechanics.

[40]  A Odgaard,et al.  Three-dimensional methods for quantification of cancellous bone architecture. , 1997, Bone.

[41]  S. Weiner,et al.  Rotated plywood structure of primary lamellar bone in the rat: orientations of the collagen fibril arrays. , 1997, Bone.

[42]  S. Majumdar,et al.  Power Spectral Analysis of Vertebral Trabecular Bone Structure from Radiographs: Orientation Dependence and Correlation with Bone Mineral Density and Mechanical Properties , 1998, Calcified Tissue International.

[43]  R. Friedman,et al.  Morphological and mechanical study on the effects of experimentally induced inflammatory knee arthritis in rabbit long bones , 1998, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[44]  S J Hollister,et al.  A global relationship between trabecular bone morphology and homogenized elastic properties. , 1998, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[45]  S. Hollister,et al.  Are regional variations in bone growth related to mechanical stress and strain parameters? , 1998, Journal of biomechanics.

[46]  A Jullien,et al.  Biomechanical properties of human os calcanei: relationships with bone density and fractal evaluation of bone microarchitecture. , 1998, Journal of biomechanics.

[47]  D. Felsenberg,et al.  Comments on the Hypotheses Underlying Fracture Risk Assessment in Osteoporosis as Proposed by the World Health Organization , 1999, Calcified Tissue International.

[48]  H. Takahashi,et al.  Three-dimensional microstructural analysis of human trabecular bone in relation to its mechanical properties. , 1999, Bone.

[49]  P Rüegsegger,et al.  Comparison of structure extraction methods for in vivo trabecular bone measurements. , 1999, Computerized medical imaging and graphics : the official journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society.

[50]  X Ouyang,et al.  Fractal analysis of radiographs: assessment of trabecular bone structure and prediction of elastic modulus and strength. , 1999, Medical physics.

[51]  P. Rüegsegger,et al.  Direct Three‐Dimensional Morphometric Analysis of Human Cancellous Bone: Microstructural Data from Spine, Femur, Iliac Crest, and Calcaneus , 1999, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[52]  T M Keaveny,et al.  Biomechanical effects of intraspecimen variations in trabecular architecture: a three-dimensional finite element study. , 1999, Bone.

[53]  T M Keaveny,et al.  Measurement of intraspecimen variations in vertebral cancellous bone architecture. , 1999, Bone.

[54]  R. Huiskes,et al.  Connectivity and the elastic properties of cancellous bone. , 1999, Bone.

[55]  I. Hvid,et al.  Quantification of age-related changes in the structure model type and trabecular thickness of human tibial cancellous bone. , 2000, Bone.

[56]  B. Mccreadie.  Structural and material changes in osteoporosis: Their impact on the mechanical environment of the osteocyte. , 2000 .

[57]  Hwj Rik Huiskes,et al.  Trabecular Bone Tissue Strains in the Healthy and Osteoporotic Human Femur , 2003, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.