Measuring Job Satisfaction with CUB Models

In this paper we present two statistical approaches for discussing and modelling job satisfaction based on data collected in the Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) conducted by the Bank of Italy. In particular, we analyse these data by means of a mixture model introduced for ordinal data and compare results with the Ordinal Probit model. The aim is to establish common outcomes and differences in the estimated patterns of global job satisfaction, but also to stress the potential for curbing the effects of measurement errors on estimates by using CUB models [a Combination of discrete Uniform and (shifted) Binomial distributions], allowing control for the effect of uncertainty and shelter choices in the response process.

[2]  I. Levav,et al.  Telephone vs face-to-face interviewing in a community psychiatric survey. , 1993, American journal of public health.

[3]  R. Veenhoven.  DO HAPPY WORKERS WORK HARDER ? The effect of job satisfaction on work performance , 2003 .

[4]  L. Rips,et al.  The Psychology of Survey Response , 2000 .

[5]  Luis Eduardo Vila Lladosa,et al.  Evaluation of the Effects of Education on Job Satisfaction: Independent Single-Equation vs. Structural Equation Models , 2007 .

[6]  A. Clark.  Job Satisfaction and Gender. Why are Women so Happy at Work , 1997 .

[7]  Nicolai Kristensen,et al.  New Evidence on Cross-Country Differences in Job Satisfaction Using Anchoring Vignettes , 2008 .

[8]  Stefano Bonnini,et al.  Advances in Permutation Tests for Covariates in a Mixture Model for Preference Data Analysis , 2014 .

[9]  Domenico Piccolo,et al.  On the Moments of a Mixture of Uniform and Shifted Binomial random variables , 2003 .

[10]  J. Krosnick.  Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys , 1991 .

[11]  Uwe Jirjahn,et al.  Performance Pay, Risk Attitudes and Job Satisfaction , 2008 .

[12]  P. Sloane,et al.  Job Satisfaction, Comparison Earnings, and Gender , 2000 .

[13]  Thomas Dohmen,et al.  Working time preferences , 2014 .

[14]  A. Soest,et al.  Satisfaction with Job and Income Among Older Individuals Across European Countries , 2010 .

[15]  Ivan Faiella.  Accounting for Sampling Design in the SHIW , 2008 .

[16]  Kuldeep Kumar,et al.  Job Satisfaction as Predictor of Life Satisfaction: A Study on Lecturers in Government & Private Colleges in Jammu , 2008 .

[17]  A. Clark,et al.  Job Satisfaction and Co-Worker Wages: Status or Signal? , 2007 .

[18]  M. Pugno,et al.  Job Performance and Job Satisfaction: An Integrated Survey , 2009 .

[19]  Leslie F. Clark,et al.  RATING SCALES NUMERIC VALUES MAY CHANGE THE MEANING OF SCALE LABELS , 1991 .

[20]  Alfonso Sousa-Poza,et al.  Taking Another Look at the Gender/Job‐Satisfaction Paradox , 2000 .

[21]  John Aitchison,et al.  THE GENERALIZATION OF PROBIT ANALYSIS TO THE CASE OF MULTIPLE RESPONSES , 1957 .

[22]  H. Simon,et al.  Models of Man. , 1957 .

[23]  Thomas Johnson.  The Analysis of Qualitative and Limited Responses , 1987 .

[24]  Carla Rampichini,et al.  Latent class CUB models , 2012, Adv. Data Anal. Classif..

[25]  A. Agresti.  Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data: Agresti/Analysis , 2010 .

[26]  P. McCullagh.  Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data , 1985 .

[27]  Huey-Ming Tzeng,et al.  The influence of nurses' working motivation and job satisfaction on intention to quit: an empirical investigation in Taiwan. , 2002, International journal of nursing studies.

[28]  S. Connolly,et al.  Feature: The Price of Reconciliation: Part-Time Work, Families and Women's Satisfaction , 2008 .

[29]  C. Nicoletti.  Differences in job dissatisfaction across Europe , 2006 .

[30]  R P Quinn,et al.  Job satisfaction, counterproductive behavior, and drug use at work. , 1975, The Journal of applied psychology.

[31]  A. Oswald,et al.  Well-Being, Insecurity and the Decline of American Job Satisfaction , 1999 .

[32]  Kevin A. Clarke,et al.  Discriminating Methods: Tests for Non-Nested Discrete Choice Models , 2010 .

[33]  John Hinde,et al.  Statistical Modelling in R , 2009 .

[34]  Angela D'Elia,et al.  A mixture model for preferences data analysis , 2005, Comput. Stat. Data Anal..

[35]  Alfonso Sousa-Poza,et al.  Analysis of Pay Inequality and Its Impacts on Growth and Performance in the Korean Manufacturing Industry , 2006, J. Econ. Theory.

[36]  Jon A. Krosnick,et al.  Satisficing in surveys: Initial evidence , 1996 .

[37]  Bärbel Knäuper,et al.  The Impact of Age and Education on Response Order Effects in Attitude Measurement , 1999 .

[38]  Maria Iannario,et al.  Fitting measures for ordinal data models , 2009 .

[39]  A. Clark.  Job Satisfaction in Britain , 1996 .

[40]  Maria Iannario,et al.  On the identifiability of a mixture model for ordinal data , 2010 .

[41]  Jan C. van Ours,et al.  Job Satisfaction and Family Happiness: The Part-Time Work Puzzle , 2007 .

[42]  J. Stiglitz,et al.  Report by the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress , 2011 .

[43]  Are Flexible Contracts Bad for Workers? Evidence from Job Satisfaction Data , 2008 .

[44]  Peter E. Kennedy,et al.  A Graphical Exposition of the Ordered Probit , 1992, Econometric Theory.

[45]  E. Greenleaf.  Improving Rating Scale Measures by Detecting and Correcting Bias Components in Some Response Styles , 1992 .

[46]  Q. Vuong.  Likelihood Ratio Tests for Model Selection and Non-Nested Hypotheses , 1989 .

[47]  Nicolai Kristensen,et al.  Does Low Job Satisfaction Lead to Job Mobility? , 2004, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[48]  Vasilios D. Kosteas.  Job Satisfaction and Promotions , 2010 .

[49]  P. Kline.  Models of man , 1986, Nature.

[50]  Nairanjana Dasgupta,et al.  Analyzing Categorical Data , 2004, Technometrics.

[51]  Maria Iannario,et al.  A class of statistical models for evaluating services and performances , 2009 .

[52]  J. Eskildsen,et al.  Determinants of absenteeism in a large Danish bank , 2006 .

[53]  S. Link,et al.  Bias in Quantifying Judgments , 1989 .

[54]  Maria Iannario.  Preliminary estimators for a mixture model of ordinal data , 2012, Adv. Data Anal. Classif..

[55]  Omar Paccagnella,et al.  Anchoring vignettes with sample selection due to non‐response , 2011 .

[56]  P. McCullagh.  Regression Models for Ordinal Data , 1980 .

[57]  H. J. Arnold,et al.  The Role of Social-Desirability Response Bias in Turnover Research , 1985 .

[58]  R. Likert.  “Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes, A” , 2022, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[59]  Paolo Ghinetti.  The Public-Private Job Satisfaction Differential in Italy , 2007 .

[60]  Efi Vasileiou,et al.  Making the Risk of Job Loss a Way of Life: Does it Affect Job Satisfaction? , 2007 .

[61]  Melanie C. Green,et al.  Telephone versus Face-to-Face Interviewing of National Probability Samples with Long Questionnaires: Comparisons of Respondent Satisficing and Social Desirability Response Bias , 2003 .

[62]  Dirk Sliwka,et al.  Reference Dependent Preferences and the Impact of Wage Increases on Job Satisfaction: Theory and Evidence , 2005, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[63]  Benjamin Artz,et al.  The Role of Firm Size and Performance Pay in Determining Employee Job Satisfaction Brief: Firm Size, Performance Pay, and Job Satisfaction , 2008 .

[64]  A. de Grip,et al.  Are More Competent Workers More Satisfied? , 2009 .

[65]  B. Frey,et al.  Happiness and economics, how the economy and institutions affect well-being , 2001 .

[66]  John T. Kulas,et al.  Middle category endorsement in odd-numbered Likert response scales: Associated item characteristics, cognitive demands, and preferred meanings , 2009 .

[67]  Kevin A. Clarke.  Nonparametric Model Discrimination in International Relations , 2003 .

[68]  Kevin A. Clarke.  A Simple Distribution-Free Test for Nonnested Model Selection , 2007, Political Analysis.

[69]  Peter Lynn,et al.  The 1991 national survey of voluntary activity in the UK , 1993 .

[70]  Maria Iannario,et al.  A program in R for CUB models inference , 2009 .

[71]  J. Dawes.  Do Data Characteristics Change According to the Number of Scale Points Used? An Experiment Using 5-Point, 7-Point and 10-Point Scales , 2008 .

[72]  Peter E. Rossi,et al.  Overcoming Scale Usage Heterogeneity , 2001 .

[73]  A. Oswald,et al.  Satisfaction and comparison income , 1996 .

[74]  Maria Iannario.  Modelling shelter choices in a class of mixture models for ordinal responses , 2012, Stat. Methods Appl..

[75]  Mark A. Davis.  Understanding the relationship between mood and creativity: A meta-analysis , 2009 .

[76]  Maria Iannario,et al.  Statistical modelling of subjective survival probabilities , 2010 .

[77]  J. Heywood,et al.  Performance Pay, Sorting and the Dimensions of Job Satisfaction , 2006 .

[78]  C. Murray,et al.  Enhancing the Validity and Cross-Cultural Comparability of Measurement in Survey Research , 2003, American Political Science Review.

[79]  Claudia Biancotti,et al.  Measurement Error in the Bank of Italy's Survey of Household Income and Wealth , 2008 .

[80]  Kevin A. Clarke.  A Simple Distribution-Free Test for Nonnested Hypotheses † , 2003 .

[81]  Jon A. Krosnick,et al.  Designing Rating Scales for Effective Measurement in Surveys , 1997 .

[82]  S. Pudney,et al.  Survey Design and the Analysis of Satisfaction , 2011, Review of Economics and Statistics.

[83]  A. Tansel,et al.  Job satisfaction in Britain: individual and job related factors , 2006 .

[84]  A. Kapteyn,et al.  Life Satisfaction , 2009, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[85]  Maria Iannario,et al.  CUB Models: Statistical Methods and Empirical Evidence , 2011 .

[86]  Lutz C. Kaiser.  Gender-Job Satisfaction Differences Across Europe: An Indicator for Labor Market Modernization , 2005, SSRN Electronic Journal.