Integration of digital technology in the film industry of Bangladesh : readiness and response functions

The objective of this study is to understand how the integration of digital technology (DT) in the Bangladesh Film industry has been responded to by its production, distribution and exhibition related organisations. Since no research on digital integration has been considered in a developing country context, and specifically within the area of concentrating on the industry rather than the films themselves, this research therefore addresses the gaps within the knowledge field. The Bangladesh Film Industry (BFI) used to be a centre for film production, distribution and exhibition, but this traditional industry has been in decline for decades. In response to the decline, the government started an integration process of DT in 2003, yet eight years after the launch only a fraction of the project has been completed. Apart from its partial adoption in the film production sector, distribution and exhibition have appeared to resist the adoption of new technology. This thesis therefore sets out to explore the causes of partial integration of DT in the film industry in Bangladesh through a study of the workforce, business owners, practitioners, scholars, government officials and executives functioning in and outside the industry. With the mixed method approach and emphasis on qualitative engagement (two case studies and 38 interviews), this thesis explores current attitudes and beliefs and identifies potential barriers to effective integration. In particular this dissertation examines five areas: technology integration, training for workforce development, production, distribution and exhibition capabilities, and argues that the political factor was the most important driver in integrating DT, while knowledge integration, training, and development of digital production, distribution and exhibition compatibility at individual and organisational levels were ignored. Moreover, the greatest concern of losing a job or business within the industry community due to inadequate knowledge, skills and finance is impeding the possibility of full completion of the integration process within the industry. Overall, two important contributions of this research include 1) an exploration of factors that impeded progress of the film industry in responding to the DT and 2) a formulation of some suitable recommendations to overcome the challenges in order to completely realise the integration of DT within the Bangladesh Film Industry. However, further research is recommended to investigate whether completion of the integration process will save the industry from decline or not.%%%%University of ManchesterMuhammad Shajjad AhsanThesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester As part of the requirement for the DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHYIntegration of Digital Technology in the Film Industry of Bangladesh: Readiness and Response Functions2nd February 2012The objective of this study is to understand how the integration of digital technology (DT) in the Bangladesh Film industry has been responded to by its production,…

[1]  Deborah Kellie.  The Australian Way: Competency-Based Training in the Corporate Sector. , 1999 .

[2]  Diversification Strategy of Global Media Conglomerates: A Comment , 2005 .

[3]  R. Stake.  The art of case study research , 1995 .

[4]  Eiji Oki,et al.  Broadband Packet Switching Technologies: A Practical Guide to ATM Switches and IP Routers , 2001 .

[5]  S SwartzCharles.  Understanding digital cinema , 2005 .

[6]  Robert G. Fichman,et al.  International Conference on Information Systems ( ICIS ) 1992 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION : A REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH , 2017 .

[7]  Christopher A. Voss,et al.  Alternative paradigms for manufacturing strategy , 1995 .

[8]  C. Lombardozzi,et al.  The Impact of Developmental Relationships on the Learning of Practice Competence for New Graduates. , 2008 .

[9]  Jan Karlsen,et al.  Action Research as Method: Reflections from a Program for Developing Methods and Competence , 1991 .

[10]  B. Kuipers,et al.  Short‐ and long‐term consequences of age in work teams: An empirical exploration of ageing teams , 2008 .

[11]  Lawrence M. Corbett,et al.  Key manufacturing capability elements and business performance , 2002 .

[12]  Andy Green,et al.  Core skills, participation and progression in post-compulsory education and training in England and France , 1995 .

[13]  L. Hoek.  Unstable Celluloid , 2010 .

[14]  Hans-Peter Brunner,et al.  Closing the Technology Gap: Technological Change in India′s Computer Industry , 1995 .

[15]  Nilda Palma-Rivas,et al.  Components of effective diversity training programmes , 1999 .

[16]  John A. Robinson,et al.  Techniques for automated reverse storyboarding , 2005 .

[17]  Bin Xu,et al.  Multinational Enterprises, Technology Diffusion, and Host Country Productivity Growth , 2000 .

[18]  Push Singh,et al.  ComicKit: acquiring story scripts using common sense feedback , 2005, IUI.

[19]  Hugh J. Martin,et al.  Local Advertising Decision Makers' Perceptions of Media Effectiveness and Substitutability , 2005 .

[20]  R. Christensen.  Effects of Technology Integration Education on the Attitudes of Teachers and Students , 2002 .

[21]  T. Jokinen,et al.  Global leadership competencies: a review and discussion , 2005 .

[22]  R. Szakonyi.  Coordinating R&D and business planning , 1990 .

[23]  Jan van Dijk,et al.  The Digital Divide as a Complex and Dynamic Phenomenon , 2000, Inf. Soc..

[24]  Jiang Lan,et al.  An analysis of copyright-related legal cases and decisions: implications to designing Internet-based learning activities , 1999 .

[25]  J. Dawson,et al.  Cross-national Consumer Segmentation of Internet Shopping for Britain and Taiwan , 2002 .

[26]  J. Pries-Heje,et al.  Diffusion and Adoption of Information Technology , 1996, IFIP — The International Federation for Information Processing.

[27]  Kenneth C. Gray.  Workforce Education: The Basics , 1997 .

[28]  E. Rogers,et al.  Diffusion of Innovations , 1964 .

[29]  Brian Pratt,et al.  Choosing Research Methods: Data Collection for Development Workers , 1992 .

[30]  Jason Seawright,et al.  Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research , 2008 .

[31]  B. Bass,et al.  Transformational Leadership And Organizational Culture , 1993 .

[32]  Surendra J. Patel.  Technological transformation in the Third World , 1982 .

[33]  Everett M. Rogers,et al.  The Nature of Technology Transfer , 2002 .

[34]  Oswald Jones,et al.  Developing Absorptive Capacity in Mature Organizations , 2006 .

[35]  Roger B. Wyatt.  The Emergence of a Digital Cinema , 1999, Comput. Humanit..

[36]  Kevin M. Brooks.  Do story agents use rocking chairs? The theory and implementation of one model for computational narrative , 1997, MULTIMEDIA '96.

[37]  G. M. Alam.  The role of technical and vocational education in the national development of Bangladesh , 2008 .

[38]  D. H. Holding,et al.  Principles of Training , 1965 .

[39]  Philippe Martin,et al.  Industrial location and public infrastructure , 1994 .

[40]  Lynda Aiman-Smith,et al.  Implementing New Manufacturing Technology: The Related Effects of Technology Characteristics and User Learning Activities , 2002 .

[41]  H. V. van Kranenburg,et al.  Multimedia, Entertainment, and Business Software Copyright Piracy: A Cross-National Study , 2005 .

[42]  Connie W. Crook,et al.  Using information technology to enhance industry effectiveness: the case of the textile industry , 1997 .

[43]  Gary L. Frazier,et al.  A Transaction Cost Analysis Model of Channel Integration in International Markets , 1990 .

[44]  Brian Donnellan.  The Transfer and Diffusion of Information Technology for Organizational Resilience - IFIP TC8 WG 8.6 International Working Conference, June 7-10, 2006, Galway, Ireland , 2006, The Transfer and Diffusion of Information Technology for Organizational Resilience.

[45]  Eve Light Honthaner,et al.  The Complete Film Production Handbook , 1993 .

[46]  A. Strauss.  Basics Of Qualitative Research , 1992 .

[47]  G. Payne,et al.  Key Concepts in Social Research , 2004 .

[48]  Azīz Aḥmad,et al.  Muslim separatism in India : a brief survey, 1858-1947 , 1969 .

[49]  Richard Rudin.  The Development of DAB Digital Radio in the UK , 2006 .

[50]  Michael R. Macedonia,et al.  The End of Celluloid: Digital Cinema Emerges , 2002, Computer.

[51]  Backer Te,et al.  Assessing and enhancing readiness for change: implications for technology transfer. , 1995 .

[52]  Amy Jocelyn Glass,et al.  International technology transfer and the technology gap , 1998 .

[53]  A. Parasuraman,et al.  The impact of technology on the quality-value-loyalty chain: A research agenda , 2000 .

[54]  B. Kogut,et al.  Knowledge and the Speed of the Transfer and Imitation of Organizational Capabilities: An Empirical Test , 1995 .

[55]  L. Argote.  Group and organizational learning curves: Individual, system and environmental components , 1993 .

[56]  Kevin Robins,et al.  Hollywood for the 21st Century: Global Competition for Critical Mass in Image Markets , 1992 .

[57]  H. Bonfadelli.  The Internet and Knowledge Gaps , 2002 .

[58]  A. Herold.  The Future of Digital Cinema in Europe , 2003 .

[59]  Robert E. Cole,et al.  Participant Observer Research: An Activist Role , 1991 .

[60]  D. Schunk,et al.  Risk Taking: Theoretical, Empirical, and Educational Considerations , 1991 .

[61]  Robert K. Yin,et al.  Applications of case study research , 1993 .

[62]  Kai-Wei Chang,et al.  Technology Induced Change In Film/Television Distribution , 2007 .

[63]  Steven J. Taylor,et al.  Introduction to qualitative research methods : a phenomenological approach to the social sciences , 1978 .

[64]  Everett M. Rogers,et al.  Lessons learned about technology transfer , 2001 .

[65]  Pietro Micheli,et al.  Scenario-based strategy maps , 2010 .

[66]  Rona S. Beattie,et al.  The missing link? Understanding the relationship between individual and organisational learning , 1998 .

[67]  Robert A. Reiser.  A history of instructional design and technology: Part II: A history of instructional design , 2001 .

[68]  W. D. Gray,et al.  Transfer of Cognitive Skills , 1987 .

[69]  Denis M. S. Lee,et al.  Integrating New Technical Staff: Implications for Acquiring New Technology , 1982 .

[70]  Richard Ouma-Onyango.  Information Resources and Technology Transfer Management in Developing Countries , 1997 .

[71]  M. Shuldman,et al.  Superintendent Conceptions of Institutional Conditions That Impact Teacher Technology Integration , 2004 .

[72]  Edward Buscombe.  Television Studies in Schools and Colleges. , 1974 .

[73]  Paul Wheeler.  High Definition and 24P Cinematography , 2003 .

[74]  Walter Buhr,et al.  What is infrastructure , 2003 .

[75]  S. Christopherson.  Project Work in Context: Regulatory Change and the New Geography of Media , 2002 .

[77]  Goel Cohen,et al.  Technology Transfer: Strategic Management in Developing Countries , 2004 .

[78]  D. Leonard-Barton.  CORE CAPABILITIES AND CORE RIGIDITIES: A PARADOX IN MANAGING NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT , 1992 .

[79]  Graham Göransson,et al.  Catching Up in Technology: Case Studies from the Telecommunications Equipment Industry , 1994 .

[80]  A. Pettigrew.  Strategy Formulation as a Political Process , 1977 .

[81]  Wim Mooij.  Advances in conditional access technology , 1997 .

[82]  Chih-Chiang Chen,et al.  Knowledge sharing, absorptive capacity, and innovation capability: an empirical study of Taiwan's knowledge-intensive industries , 2007, J. Inf. Sci..

[83]  W. Dixon.  Film and Television After 9/11 , 2004 .

[84]  Erica Smith.  Ten years of competency-based training: the experience of accredited training providers in Australia , 1999 .

[85]  John Belton.  Digital Cinema: A False Revolution , 2002, October.

[86]  P. Warr,et al.  Employee age and voluntary development activity , 1998 .

[87]  Jin W. Cyhn,et al.  Technology transfer and international production : the development of the electronics industry in Korea , 2002 .

[88]  R. Yin.  Case Study Research: Design and Methods , 1984 .

[89]  R. Grant,et al.  Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration , 2022 .

[90]  R. Picard.  A Note on Economic Losses Due to Theft, Infringement, and Piracy of Protected Works , 2004 .

[91]  I. Finlay,et al.  Changing Vocational Education and Training: An International Comparative Perspective , 2005 .

[92]  Virgilija Zinkevičiūtė.  Strategic Decisions of Tourism Companies in the Context of Sustainable Development , 2009 .

[93]  Linda Miller,et al.  Minimum and preferred entry qualifications and training provision for British workers , 2002 .

[94]  C. Oliver.  Determinants of Interorganizational Relationships: Integration and Future Directions , 1990 .

[95]  Byeng-Hee Chang,et al.  Devising a Practical Model for Predicting Theatrical Movie Success: Focusing on the Experience Good Property , 2005 .

[96]  Sheree Dukes,et al.  Phenomenological methodology in the human sciences , 1984, Journal of Religion and Health.

[97]  L. Stenhouse.  An introduction to curriculum research and development , 1975 .

[98]  P. Nath,et al.  The impact of marketing capability, operations capability and diversification strategy on performance: A resource-based view , 2010 .

[99]  A. Bandura.  Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory , 1985 .

[100]  Glorianna Davenport,et al.  Textable movie: improvising with a personal movie database , 2003, SIGGRAPH '03.

[101]  Douglas W. Vorhies.  An investigation of the factors leading to the development of marketing capabilities and organizational effectiveness , 1998 .

[102]  B. Flyvbjerg.  Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research , 2006, 1304.1186.

[103]  Jan Streumer,et al.  Problems in Knowledge Management: A Case Study of a Knowledge-Intensive Company , 2001 .

[104]  Rajinder Dudrah.  Bollywood: Sociology Goes to the Movies , 2006 .

[105]  Daniel A. Levinthal,et al.  ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON LEARNING AND INNOVATION , 1990 .

[106]  Guillermo Labarca,et al.  Education in Basic Skills and Training for Productive Work , 1996 .

[107]  A. Strauss,et al.  Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. , 1992 .

[108]  K. Clark,et al.  Integration and Dynamic Capability: Evidence from Product Development in Automobiles and Mainframe Computers , 1994 .

[109]  Maureen A. O'Brien,et al.  Teaching African cinema , 1998 .

[110]  Paul W. De Vore,et al.  Technical and Vocational Teacher Education and Training , 1974 .

[111]  Joseph R. Dominick,et al.  Mass Media Research: An Introduction , 1983 .

[112]  L. Godkin.  Institutional Change, Absorptive Capacity, and the Organizational Zone of Inertia , 2008 .

[113]  William Goldman,et al.  Adventures in the Screen Trade: A Personal View of Hollywood and Screenwriting , 1983 .

[114]  F. Berkes,et al.  Co-management: concepts and methodological implications. , 2005, Journal of environmental management.

[115]  Lynn Ling X. Li,et al.  Manufacturing capability development in a changing business environment , 2000, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[116]  J. Enos,et al.  The Adoption and Diffusion of Imported Technology: The Case of Korea , 2018 .

[117]  Harmeet S. Sawhney,et al.  Universal Service Expansion: Two Perspectives , 2003, Inf. Soc..

[118]  Jeremy Tunstall,et al.  Media occupations and professions : a reader , 2001 .

[119]  S. B. Leif,et al.  Setting Up A Pre-production Quality Management Process In The Medical Device Industry , 1970 .

[120]  N. Culkin.  Digital cinema: No country for old entrepreneurs , 2008 .

[121]  Fethi A. Inan,et al.  Does technology integration “work” when key barriers are removed? , 2008 .

[122]  Thomas J. Chermack,et al.  Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Dimensions of the Learning Organization Questionnaire in the Korean Business Context , 2008 .

[123]  Donald R. Cooper,et al.  Business Research Methods , 1980 .

[124]  Tom Wengraf.  Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narrative and Semi-Structured Methods , 2001 .

[125]  Donald R. Lehmann,et al.  Sales through Sequential Distribution Channels: An Application to Movies and Videos , 2000 .

[126]  J. Donoghue.  Health education and the national curriculum , 1991 .