Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with hepatitis A: case report and literature review.

Virus-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome (VAHS) is a severe hematological disorder related to some viral infections. It is an illness characterized by persistent fever, pancytopenia, splenomegaly, hyperferritinemia and, the most important, hemophagocytosis observed in the bone marrow, liver and/or lymph nodes. VAHS associated with hepatitis A virus infection is rarely described, despite the high incidence of this viral infection in the population in general. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the optimal treatment of VAHS. In this article the clinical features, presumed pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and treatment of VAHS are discussed, including description of cases of VAHS related to hepatitis A virus infection found in the medical literature.

[1]  M. Aricò,et al.  HLH‐2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis , 2007, Pediatric blood & cancer.

[2]  H. Safari,et al.  Hemophagocytosis and pulmonary involvement in brucellosis. , 2007, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[3]  William M. Lee,et al.  Fulminant hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: Incidence, prognosis, and outcomes , 2006, Hepatology.

[4]  I. Jinnai,et al.  Serum levels of Thl/Th2 cytokines, angiogenic growth factors, and other prognostic factors in young adult patients with hemophagocytic syndrome. , 2006, Laboratory hematology : official publication of the International Society for Laboratory Hematology.

[5]  A. Patwari,et al.  Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with visceral leishmaniasis , 2006, Indian journal of pediatrics.

[6]  K. Nelson.  Global changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis A virus infections. , 2006, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[7]  M. Mutsch,et al.  Hepatitis A virus infections in travelers, 1988-2004. , 2006, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[8]  M. Fisberg,et al.  Anti-hepatitis A virus frequency in adolescents at an outpatient clinic in São Paulo, Brazil. , 2006, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo.

[9]  W. Grossman,et al.  Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatment, and future perspectives , 2006, Annals of medicine.

[10]  N. Tanaka,et al.  Severe acute hepatitis A associated with acute pure red cell aplasia , 1996, Journal of Gastroenterology.

[11]  Brasil Rj.  Epidemiological pattern and mortality rates for hepatitis A in Brazil, 1980-2002 - A Review , 2006 .

[12]  E. Paz-Artal,et al.  Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an adult patient homozygous for A91V in the perforin gene, with tuberculosis infection. , 2006, Haematologica.

[13]  A. Fiore,et al.  Detection of immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis A virus in Alaska residents without other evidence of hepatitis. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[14]  Chun-Jen Liu,et al.  Successful treatment of acute hepatitis A-associated hemophagocytic syndrome by intravenous immunoglobulin. , 2005, Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi.

[15]  T. Ley,et al.  Differential expression of granzymes A and B in human cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets and T regulatory cells. , 2004, Blood.

[16]  R. Shenoy,et al.  Thrombocytopenia in hepatitis A--an atypical presentation. , 2004, Journal of tropical pediatrics.

[17]  Chao‐Ping Yang,et al.  Hemophagocytic syndrome: a review of 18 pediatric cases. , 2004, Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi.

[18]  A. Fiore,et al.  Hepatitis A transmitted by food. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[19]  L. Mouthon,et al.  Pathogenesis of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). , 2004, Autoimmunity reviews.

[20]  R. Dellinger,et al.  Inflammation and coagulation: implications for the septic patient. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[21]  H. Saito,et al.  Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with fulminant hepatitis A: a case report. , 2003, The Keio journal of medicine.

[22]  K. Saigenji,et al.  Hepatitis A virus infection associated with hemophagocytic syndrome: report of two cases. , 2002, Internal medicine.

[23]  L. Moretta,et al.  Pathogenesis of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis , 2001, British journal of haematology.

[24]  N. Takahashi,et al.  A Clinical Analysis of 52 Adult Patients With Hemophagocytic Syndrome: The Prognostic Significance of the Underlying Diseases , 2001, International journal of hematology.

[25]  B. François,et al.  Hémophagocytose au cours des défaillances polyviscérales : implication du M-CSF ou réactivation virale ? , 2001 .

[26]  V. Praloran,et al.  [Hemophagocytosis during multiple organ failure: M-CSF overproduction or viral reactivation?]. , 2001, Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation.

[27]  Y. Murakawa,et al.  [Hemophagocytic syndrome]. , 2020, Nihon Rinsho Men'eki Gakkai kaishi = Japanese journal of clinical immunology.

[28]  A. Baruchel,et al.  [Intravenously administered gamma-globulins in reactive hemaphagocytic syndrome. Multicenter study to assess their importance, by the immunoglobulins group of experts of CEDIT of the AP-HP]. , 2000, Annales de medecine interne.

[29]  D. Fisman.  Hemophagocytic syndromes and infection. , 2000, Emerging infectious diseases.

[30]  S. Imashuku,et al.  Advances in the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. , 2000, International journal of hematology.

[31]  Onaga,et al.  A case of acute hepatitis A with marked hemophagocytosis in bone marrow. , 2000, Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology.

[32]  É. Oksenhendler,et al.  Up‐regulation of adhesion and MHC molecules on splenic monocyte/macrophages in adult haemophagocytic syndrome , 1999, British journal of haematology.

[33]  S. Banno,et al.  The efficacy of therapeutic plasmapheresis for the treatment of fatal hemophagocytic syndrome: two case reports. , 1998, Therapeutic apheresis : official journal of the International Society for Apheresis and the Japanese Society for Apheresis.

[34]  A. Majluf-Cruz,et al.  Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with hematological neoplasias. , 1998, Leukemia research.

[35]  Shinobu Nakamura,et al.  Acute Hepatitis A Virus Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome , 1998, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[36]  M. Yoshida,et al.  Prognostic factors of hemophagocytic syndrome in adults: analysis of 34 cases , 1997, European journal of haematology.

[37]  V. Praloran,et al.  Thrombocytopenia in the sepsis syndrome: role of hemophagocytosis and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. , 1997, The American journal of medicine.

[38]  H. Tsuda,et al.  Successful treatment of virus‐associated haemophagocytic syndrome in adults by cyclosporin A supported by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor , 1996, British journal of haematology.

[39]  H. Tsuda,et al.  Virus‐associated haemophagocytic syndrome in previously healthy adults , 1995, European journal of haematology.

[40]  K. Chang,et al.  Acute hepatitis A with coexistent hepatitis C virus infection presenting as a virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a case report. , 1995, The American journal of gastroenterology.

[41]  H. Kondo,et al.  Effects of simultaneous rhG‐CSF and methylprednisolone “pulse” therapy on hepatitis A virus‐associated haemophagocytic syndrome , 1995, European journal of haematology.

[42]  H. Tsuda,et al.  Parvovirus B19‐associated haemophagocytic syndrome with prominent neutrophilia , 1994, British journal of haematology.

[43]  V. Praloran,et al.  Production and role of macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1 or M-CSF) in hematological pathology. , 1993, Nouvelle revue francaise d'hematologie.

[44]  R. Williams,et al.  Hepatitis A causing a second episode of virus–associated haemophagoeytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with Still's disease , 1993, Journal of medical virology.

[45]  B. Favara.  Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a hemophagocytic syndrome. , 1992, Seminars in diagnostic pathology.

[46]  E. Schiff.  Atypical clinical manifestations of hepatitis A. , 1992, Vaccine.

[47]  Masahiro Ito,et al.  G‐CSF enhanced granulocyte production in a child with severe neutropenia in the setting of fatal virus‐associated hemophagocytic syndrome , 1990, American journal of hematology.

[48]  J. Mcnamara,et al.  Elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor in childhood hemophagocytic histiocytic syndromes. , 1989, Blood.

[49]  J. Bruun,et al.  Severe erythroblastopenia and hemolytic anemia during a hepatitis A infection. , 1989, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[50]  H. Balfour,et al.  Virus‐associated hemophagocytic syndrome A benign histiocytic proliferation distinct from malignant histiocytosis , 1979, Cancer.