Use of Gold Markers for Setup in Image-Guided Fractionated High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy as a Monotherapy for Prostate Cancer

Background and Purpose:In order to use a single implant with one treatment plan in fractionated high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-B), applicator position shifts must be corrected prior to each fraction. The authors investigated the use of gold markers for X-ray-based setup and position control between the single fractions.Patients and Methods:Caudad-cephalad movement of the applicators prior to each HDR-B fraction was determined on radiographs using two to three gold markers, which had been inserted into the prostate as intraprostatic reference, and one to two radiopaque-labeled reference applicators. 35 prostate cancer patients, treated by HDR-B as a monotherapy between 10/2003 and 06/2006 with four fractions of 9.5 Gy each, were analyzed. Toxicity was scored according to the CTCAE Score, version 3.0. Median follow-up was 3 years.Results:The mean change of applicators positions compared to baseline varied substantially between HDR-B fractions, being 1.4 mm before fraction 1 (range, –4 to 2 mm), –13.1 mm before fraction 2 (range, –36 to 0 mm), –4.1 mm before fraction 3 (range, –21 to 9 mm), and –2.6 mm at fraction 4 (range, –16 to 9 mm). The original position of the applicators could be readjusted easily prior to each fraction in every patient. In 18 patients (51%), the applicators were at least once readjusted > 10 mm, however, acute or late grade ≥ 2 genitourinary toxicity was not increased (p = 1.0) in these patients.Conclusion:Caudad position shifts up to 36 mm were observed. Gold markers represent a valuable tool to ensure setup accuracy and precise dose delivery in fractionated HDR-B monotherapy of prostate cancer.Hintergrund und Ziel:Um ein einziges Implantat mit einem Bestrahlungsplan fur die fraktionierte High-Dose-Rate-Brachytherapie (HDR-B) nutzen zu konnen, mussen Positionsverschiebungen der Katheter vor jeder Fraktion erkannt und korrigiert werden. Die Autoren untersuchten den Nutzen von Goldmarkern fur rontgenbildbasierte Konfiguration und Positionskontrolle zwischen den Einzelfraktionen.Patienten und Methodik:Die kraniokaudalen Verschiebungen der Applikatoren wurden vor jeder HDR-B-Fraktion anhand von zwei bis drei Goldmarkern als intraprostatische Referenz und ein bis zwei rontgendicht markierten Referenzapplikatoren mittels Rontgenbild bestimmt. 35 Patienten mit Prostatakarzinom, welche zwischen 10/2003 and 06/2006 eine HDR-B als Monotherapie mit vier Fraktionen von jeweils 9,5 Gy erhielten, wurden untersucht. Die Behandlungstoxizitat wurde mit dem CTCAE-Score, Version 3.0, erfasst. Die mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit lag bei 3 Jahren.Ergebnisse:Die mittlere Positionsabweichung der Applikatoren von der Sollposition variierte erheblich zwischen den HDR-B-Fraktionen und betrug 1,4 mm vor der ersten Fraktion (Spannweite: –4 bis 2 mm), –13,1 mm vor der zweiten Fraktion (Spannweite: –36 bis 0 mm), –4,1 mm vor der dritten Fraktion (Spannweite: –21 bis 9 mm) und –2,6 mm vor der vierten Fraktion (Spannweite: –16 bis 9 mm). Die ursprungliche Position der Applikatoren konnte bei jedem Patienten problemlos vor jeder Fraktion wiederhergestellt werden. Bei 18 Patienten (51%) wurden die Applikatoren wenigstens einmal > 10 mm verschoben; dennoch war die genitourethrale Akut- oder Spattoxizitat Grad ≥ 2 bei diesen Patienten nicht erhoht (p = 1,0).Schlussfolgerung:Positionsverschiebungen von bis zu 36 mm nach kaudal wurden beobachtet. Goldmarker sind bei der fraktionierten HDR-B-Monotherapie des Prostatakarzinoms von Nutzen, um die akkurate Konfiguration und die prazise Verabreichung der Strahlendosis zu gewahrleisten.

[1]  G. Gustafson,et al.  Phase II prospective study of the use of conformal high-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for the treatment of favorable stage prostate cancer: a feasibility report. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[2]  Y. Jo,et al.  Clinical results of combined treatment conformal high-dose-rate iridium-192 brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy using staging lymphadenectomy for localized prostate cancer. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[3]  Y. Yoshioka,et al.  High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy as a monotherapy for localized prostate cancer: treatment description and preliminary results of a phase I/II clinical trial. , 2000, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[4]  D. Zips,et al.  Prostate Cancer: Biological Dose Considerations and Constraints in Tele- and Brachytherapy , 2007, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[5]  D. Baltas,et al.  3-D Conformal HDR Brachytherapy as Monotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer , 2004, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[6]  A. Jemal,et al.  Cancer Statistics, 2006 , 2006, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[7]  M. Roach Dose Escalated External Beam Radiotherapy versus Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Conventional Dose External Beam Radiotherapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Do we Need Both? , 2007, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al].

[8]  D J Brenner,et al.  Fractionation and protraction for radiotherapy of prostate carcinoma. , 1999, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[9]  G. Gustafson,et al.  High dose rate brachytherapy as prostate cancer monotherapy reduces toxicity compared to low dose rate palladium seeds. , 2004, The Journal of urology.

[10]  Paul Schellhammer,et al.  Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: recommendations of the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. , 2006, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[11]  M. Mason,et al.  Cancer of the prostate , 2003 .

[12]  D. Aebersold,et al.  Applicability and Dosimetric Impact of Ultrasound-Based Preplanning in High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy of Prostate Cancer , 2004, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[13]  Chris Mitchell,et al.  Dose escalation using conformal high-dose-rate brachytherapy improves outcome in unfavorable prostate cancer. , 2002, International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics.

[14]  Y. Yoshioka,et al.  High-dose-rate brachytherapy without external beam irradiation for locally advanced prostate cancer. , 2006, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[15]  J. Fowler The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. , 1989, The British journal of radiology.

[16]  D. Carter TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors , 1998 .

[17]  P. Hoskin,et al.  A Phase II study of high-dose-rate afterloading brachytherapy as monotherapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[18]  M. Eble,et al.  Changes of Dose Delivery Distribution within the First Month after Permanent Interstitial Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer , 2006, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[19]  M. Graefen,et al.  Experiences with a New High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy (HDR-BT) Boost Technique for T3b Prostate Cancer , 2007, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[20]  Y. Yoshioka,et al.  High-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for localized prostate cancer: a retrospective analysis with special focus on tolerance and chronic toxicity. , 2003, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[21]  Matthias Guckenberger,et al.  Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) of Localized Prostate Cancer , 2007, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[22]  C. Rentsch,et al.  Toxicity and early treatment outcomes in low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer managed by high-dose-rate brachytherapy as a monotherapy. , 2009, Brachytherapy.

[23]  Matthias Guckenberger,et al.  Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) of localized prostate cancer: a review and future perspectives. , 2007, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al].

[24]  P. Novaes,et al.  Results of high dose rate afterloading brachytherapy boost to conventional external beam radiation therapy for initial and locally advanced prostate cancer. , 2003, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[25]  T. Mate,et al.  Long-term outcome by risk factors using conformal high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) boost with or without neoadjuvant androgen suppression for localized prostate cancer. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[26]  W. Isaacs,et al.  The Prostate , 2019 .

[27]  L. Schour,et al.  High-dose-rate intensity-modulated brachytherapy with external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: California endocurietherapy's 10-year results. , 2005, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[28]  High dose rate 192Iridium brachytherapy in localized prostate cancer: Results and toxicity with maximum follow-up of 10 years , 2000 .

[29]  P. Hoskin,et al.  High dose rate afterloading brachytherapy for prostate cancer: catheter and gland movement between fractions. , 2003, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.