Human Neutrophils Secrete Bioactive Paucimannosidic Proteins from Azurophilic Granules into Pathogen-Infected Sputum*

Background: Protein paucimannosylation is considered an important invertebrate- and plant-specific glycoepitope. Results: Azurophilic granule-specific human neutrophil proteins from pathogen-infected sputum displayed significant core-fucosylated paucimannosylation generated by maturation- and granule-specific β-hexosaminidase A and were preferentially secreted from non-lysosomal origins into sputum upon P. aeruginosa stimulation. Conclusion: Human neutrophils produce, store, and selectively secrete bioactive paucimannosidic proteins. Significance: This work will aid in understanding the function(s) of human paucimannosylation in glycoimmunology. Unlike plants and invertebrates, mammals reportedly lack proteins displaying asparagine (N)-linked paucimannosylation (mannose1–3fucose0–1N-acetylglucosamine2Asn). Enabled by technology advancements in system-wide biomolecular characterization, we document that protein paucimannosylation is a significant host-derived molecular signature of neutrophil-rich sputum from pathogen-infected human lungs and is negligible in pathogen-free sputum. Five types of paucimannosidic N-glycans were carried by compartment-specific and inflammation-associated proteins of the azurophilic granules of human neutrophils including myeloperoxidase (MPO), azurocidin, and neutrophil elastase. The timely expressed human azurophilic granule-resident β-hexosaminidase A displayed the capacity to generate paucimannosidic N-glycans by trimming hybrid/complex type N-glycan intermediates with relative broad substrate specificity. Paucimannosidic N-glycoepitopes showed significant co-localization with β-hexosaminidase A and the azurophilic marker MPO in human neutrophils using immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, promyelocyte stage-specific expression of genes coding for paucimannosidic proteins and biosynthetic enzymes indicated a novel spatio-temporal biosynthetic route in early neutrophil maturation. The absence of bacterial exoglycosidase activities and paucimannosidic N-glycans excluded exogenous origins of paucimannosylation. Paucimannosidic proteins from isolated and sputum neutrophils were preferentially secreted upon inoculation with virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Finally, paucimannosidic proteins displayed affinities to mannose-binding lectin, suggesting immune-related functions of paucimannosylation in activated human neutrophils. In conclusion, we are the first to document that human neutrophils produce, store and, upon activation, selectively secrete bioactive paucimannosidic proteins into sputum of lungs undergoing pathogen-based inflammation.

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