Morphophysiology, Productivity and Quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Merlin in Response to Row Spacing and Seeding Systems

The appropriate row spacing and sowing density of soybeans are the basic non-input and pro-environmental agrotechnical factors. The optimal spacing of plants in the field can be crucial in terms of reducing competition between plants for water, nutrients and light, which is particularly important for photosynthesis and maximizes the use of environmental resources. The field experiment was carried out in the years 2017–2019 at the Experimental Station for Cultivar Assessment in Przeclaw, Poland, on Merlin cv. soybean plants. The experimental factors were: row spacing of 15 and 30 cm and the sowing density of 70, 90 and 110 pcs. m−2. During the research, the influence of row spacing and sowing density on yielding, seed quality, plant morphological features, nodulation and physiological processes in plants was assessed. The obtained soybean seed yield was not influenced by the experimental factors, but only by the weather conditions prevailing in the research years. The smaller row spacing and sowing density of 15/70 and 30/70 resulted in an increase in the parameters of the yield structure, the number and dry weight of root nodules, as well as the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0 and PI). Greater plant density per area unit resulted in low yield structure parameters, lower number and dry weight of nodules, poorer parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and higher protein content in seeds. With the increased sowing density, the plants were higher, the 1st. pod was placed higher and an LAI value was also higher.

[1]  S. Zikeli,et al.  Effect of sowing density on grain yield, protein and oil content and plant morphology of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) , 2019 .

[2]  K. Rȩbilas,et al.  A model for the yield losses estimation in an early soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar depending on the cutting height at harvest , 2020 .

[3]  W. Jarecki.  Reaction of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria , 2020 .

[4]  Shoaib Ahmed,et al.  Changes in morphology, chlorophyll fluorescence performance and Rubisco activity of soybean in response to foliar application of ionic titanium under normal light and shade environment. , 2019, The Science of the total environment.

[5]  F. Fritschi,et al.  Soybean leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll a/b ratio , 2007, Photosynthetica.

[6]  E H Murchie,et al.  Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications. , 2013, Journal of experimental botany.

[7]  N. Iqbal,et al.  EFFECT OF SHADE TREATMENTS ON MORPHOLOGY, PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOYBEANS (GLYCINE MAX L. MERR.) , 2019, Applied Ecology and Environmental Research.

[8]  H. Debiasi,et al.  Plant density and mineral nitrogen fertilization influencing yield, yield components and concentration of oil and protein in soybean grains , 2016 .

[9]  K. Panasiewicz,et al.  The Effect of Various Tillage Systems on Productivity of Narrow-Leaved Lupin-Winter Wheat-Winter Triticale-Winter Barley Rotation , 2020, Agronomy.

[10]  H. Bleiholder,et al.  Phenological Growth Stages of the Soybean Plant (Glycine max L. MERR.): Codification and Description According to the BBCH Scale , 1997 .

[11]  Itamar Rosa Teixeira,et al.  Soybean morphophysiology and yield response to seeding systems and plant populations , 2016 .

[12]  Pengyin Chen,et al.  iTRAQ-based analysis of developmental dynamics in the soybean leaf proteome reveals pathways associated with leaf photosynthetic rate , 2016, Molecular Genetics and Genomics.

[13]  P. Pedersen,et al.  EFFECT OF ROW SPACING AND SEEDING RATE ON SOYBEAN YIELD , 2008 .

[14]  T. A. Portes,et al.  Comparison of the allocation of phytomass in soybean and bean and its potential role in biological nitrogen fixation - doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v34i3.13942 , 2011 .

[15]  W. Gong,et al.  Tolerance vs. avoidance: two strategies of soybean (Glycine max) seedlings in response to shade in intercropping , 2015, Photosynthetica.

[16]  L. Gratani,et al.  Physiological and morphological leaf trait variations in two Apennine plant species in response to different altitudes , 2012, Photosynthetica.

[17]  M. Hungria,et al.  Plant densities and modulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean , 2014 .

[18]  Yajiao Cheng,et al.  Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seedlings response to shading: leaf structure, photosynthesis and proteomic analysis , 2019, BMC Plant Biology.

[19]  V. Đorđević,et al.  Prediction of Soybean Plant Density Using a Machine Learning Model and Vegetation Indices Extracted from RGB Images Taken with a UAV , 2020 .

[20]  Adam P. Gaspar,et al.  Soybean Seed Yield Response to Plant Density by Yield Environment in North America , 2019, Agronomy Journal.

[21]  A. T. Bruzi,et al.  Interaction between soybean cultivars and seed density , 2015 .

[22]  John R. Evans,et al.  Photosynthetic acclimation of plants to growth irradiance: the relative importance of specific leaf area and nitrogen partitioning in maximizing carbon gain , 2001 .

[23]  Jerome H. Cherney,et al.  Growth and Yield Responses of Soybean to Row Spacing and Seeding Rate , 2011 .

[24]  Jiang Liu,et al.  PAR Interception and Utilization in Different Maize and Soybean Intercropping Patterns , 2017, PloS one.

[25]  S. S. St. Martin,et al.  Effect of shade on leaf photosynthetic capacity, light-intercepting, electron transfer and energy distribution of soybeans , 2017, Plant Growth Regulation.

[26]  K. N. Reddy,et al.  Effects of Row-Type, Row-Spacing, Seeding Rate, Soil-Type, and Cultivar Differences on Soybean Seed Nutrition under US Mississippi Delta Conditions , 2015, PloS one.

[27]  A. Raza,et al.  Effects of Multiple Planting Densities on Lignin Metabolism and Lodging Resistance of the Strip Intercropped Soybean Stem , 2020, Agronomy.

[28]  A. T. Bruzi,et al.  Productive performance of soybean cultivars grown in different plant densities , 2017 .

[29]  Jones Arwyn,et al.  World reference base for soil resources 2014International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps , 2015 .

[30]  D. Devlin,et al.  Row Spacing and Seeding Rates for Soybean in Low and High Yielding Environments , 1995 .

[31]  Wenyu Yang,et al.  Shade Inhibits Leaf Size by Controlling Cell Proliferation and Enlargement in Soybean , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[32]  R. Bell,et al.  Plant density effects on growth, yield and yield components of two soybean varieties under equidistant planting arrangement , 2011 .

[33]  E. Piper,et al.  Temperature and cultivar effects on soybean seed oil and protein concentrations , 1999 .

[34]  K Maxwell,et al.  Chlorophyll fluorescence--a practical guide. , 2000, Journal of experimental botany.

[35]  J. Prusinski,et al.  Effect of planting density and row spacing on the yielding of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) , 2020 .

[36]  Xiaoling Wu,et al.  Transcriptome Analysis of Shade-Induced Inhibition on Leaf Size in Relay Intercropped Soybean , 2014, PloS one.

[37]  M. Hungria,et al.  Feasibility of Lowering Soybean Planting Density without Compromising Nitrogen Fixation and Yield , 2014 .

[38]  Juan Chen,et al.  Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean-Rhizobia Symbiotic System. , 2019, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.