Immunization Safety Review: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF file are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution or copying is strictly prohibited without permission of the National Academies Press <http://www.nap.edu/permissions/>. Permission is granted for this material to be posted on a secure password-protected Web site. The content may not be posted on a public Web site. ISBN: 0-309-56573-1, 136 pages, 6 x 9, (2001)

[1]  G. Dawson,et al.  The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. , 2004, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[2]  J. R. Reigart,et al.  The Effect of Chelation Therapy With Succimer on Neuropsychological Development in Children Exposed to Lead , 2003 .

[3]  B. Goldstein,et al.  The precautionary principle also applies to public health actions. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[4]  D. Kriebel,et al.  Reenergizing public health through precaution. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[5]  L. Goldman,et al.  Balancing risks and benefits: Primum non nocere is too simplistic. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[6]  S. Folstein,et al.  Evidence supporting WNT2 as an autism susceptibility gene. , 2001, American journal of medical genetics.

[7]  L. Goldman,et al.  Technical report: mercury in the environment: implications for pediatricians. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[8]  L. Mell,et al.  Utilization and cost of health care services for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[9]  E. Fombonne,et al.  Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children. , 2001, JAMA.

[10]  Robert L. Jones,et al.  The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  L. Ball,et al.  An assessment of thimerosal use in childhood vaccines. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[12]  J. Seal,et al.  What happened to primum non nocere? , 2001, Pediatrics.

[13]  D. Lauderdale,et al.  Impact of recommendations to suspend the birth dose of hepatitis B virus vaccine. , 2001, JAMA.

[14]  S Bernard,et al.  Autism: a novel form of mercury poisoning. , 2001, Medical hypotheses.

[15]  J. P. Davis,et al.  Impact of the Joint Statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics/US Public Health Service on Thimerosal in Vaccines on Hospital Infant Hepatitis B Vaccination Practices , 2001, Pediatrics.

[16]  L. Dales,et al.  Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California. , 2001, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).

[17]  H. Feldman,et al.  Prevalence and assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in primary care settings. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[18]  T. Wassink,et al.  Reelin gene alleles and haplotypes as a factor predisposing to autistic disorder , 2001, Molecular Psychiatry.

[19]  H Jick,et al.  Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: a time trend analysis , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[20]  E. Fombonne Is there an epidemic of autism? , 2001, Pediatrics.

[21]  W. Barbaresi,et al.  Use and costs of medical care for children and adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2001, JAMA.

[22]  G. Wilson The Hazards of Immunization , 2000 .

[23]  H. Peltola,et al.  Serious adverse events after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination during a fourteen-year prospective follow-up. , 2000, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[24]  P. Rodier,et al.  Discovery of allelic variants of HOXA1 and HOXB1: genetic susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders. , 2000, Teratology.

[25]  E. Maibach,et al.  Do Parents Understand Immunizations? A National Telephone Survey , 2000, Pediatrics.

[26]  P. Tanguay Pervasive developmental disorders: a 10-year review. , 2000, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[27]  G. Wilding,et al.  Neurodevelopmental outcomes of Seychellois children from the pilot cohort at 108 months following prenatal exposure to methylmercury from a maternal fish diet. , 2000, Environmental research.

[28]  P. Turnpenny,et al.  A clinical study of 57 children with fetal anticonvulsant syndromes , 2000, Journal of medical genetics.

[29]  W. Sexson,et al.  Iatrogenic exposure to mercury after hepatitis B vaccination in preterm infants. , 2000, The Journal of pediatrics.

[30]  J. Law,et al.  Prevalence and natural history of primary speech and language delay: findings from a systematic review of the literature. , 2000, International journal of language & communication disorders.

[31]  G. Ginsberg,et al.  Development of a Single‐Meal Fish Consumption Advisory for Methyl Mercury , 2000, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[32]  J B Tomblin,et al.  Prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old children and comorbidity with language impairment. , 1999, Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR.

[33]  N. Halsey,et al.  Limiting infant exposure to thimerosal in vaccines and other sources of mercury. , 1999, JAMA.

[34]  G. Evans,et al.  Vaccine injury compensation programs worldwide. , 1999, Vaccine.

[35]  Mark D. Miller,et al.  Thimerosal in Vaccines—An Interim Report to Clinicians , 1999, Pediatrics.

[36]  M. Salive,et al.  An overview of the vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) as a surveillance system. VAERS Working Group. , 1999, Vaccine.

[37]  E. Fombonne,et al.  The epidemiology of autism: a review , 1999, Psychological Medicine.

[38]  Jun Li,et al.  Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association , 1999, The Lancet.

[39]  A K Leung,et al.  Evaluation and management of the child with speech delay. , 1999, American family physician.

[40]  C. Gillberg,et al.  Autism: not an extremely rare disorder , 1999, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[41]  J A Cipkala-Gaffin,et al.  Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 1998, Perspectives in psychiatric care.

[42]  C Cox,et al.  Effects of prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption on neurodevelopment: outcomes at 66 months of age in the Seychelles Child Development Study. , 1998, JAMA.

[43]  A. Sabrá,et al.  Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children , 1998, The Lancet.

[44]  P. Leinikki,et al.  No evidence for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine-associated inflammatory bowel disease or autism in a 14-year prospective study , 1998, The Lancet.

[45]  D. Weed,et al.  Biologic plausibility in causal inference: current method and practice. , 1998, American journal of epidemiology.

[46]  Roberta F. White,et al.  Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. , 1997, Neurotoxicology and teratology.

[47]  T. Howard,et al.  Mercury poisoning associated with high-dose hepatitis-B immune globulin administration after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B. , 1996, Liver transplantation and surgery : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[48]  R. Schoeny,et al.  Mercury study report to Congress. Volume 1. Executive summary. Sab review draft , 1996 .

[49]  M. Wolraich,et al.  FURTHER EXAMINATION OF DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (DSM-IV) IN A COUNTY-WIDE SAMPLE. †110 , 1996, Pediatric Research.

[50]  H. Kraemer,et al.  State of the science in autism: Report to the National institutes of health , 1996, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[51]  M. Wolraich,et al.  Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample. , 1996, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[52]  P. Griem,et al.  Metal ion induced autoimmunity. , 1995, Current opinion in immunology.

[53]  R. Eme,et al.  Sex differences in conduct disorder , 1995 .

[54]  D. Carpenter,et al.  Communicating with the public on issues of science and public health. , 1995, Environmental health perspectives.

[55]  J. Piven,et al.  Diagnosis, treatment, and neurobiology of autism in children. , 1995, Current opinion in pediatrics.

[56]  S Eneström,et al.  Does amalgam affect the immune system? A controversial issue. , 1995, International archives of allergy and immunology.

[57]  G. Whitehurst,et al.  Practitioner review: early developmental language delay: what, if anything, should the clinician do about it? , 1994, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[58]  C. Gillberg,et al.  AUTISM IN THALIDOMIDE EMBRYOPATHY: A POPULATION STUDY , 1994, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[59]  E. Söderman,et al.  DMSA Administration to Patients with Alleged Mercury Poisoning from Dental Amalgams: A Placebo-controlled Study , 1994, Journal of dental research.

[60]  P. Decouflé,et al.  Prevalence and health impact of developmental disabilities in US children. , 1994, Pediatrics.

[61]  N. Ballatori,et al.  Methylmercury transport across the blood-brain barrier by an amino acid carrier. , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[62]  H. Satoh,et al.  Exposure to mercury via breast milk in suckling offspring of maternal guinea pigs exposed to mercury vapor after parturition. , 1992, Journal of toxicology and environmental health.

[63]  M. Aschner,et al.  Mercury neurotoxicity: Mechanisms of blood-brain barrier transport , 1990, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[64]  C. Stegbauer Guide to Clinical Preventive Services , 1990, Journal of the American Osteopathic Association.

[65]  N. Cox,et al.  Thiomersal allergy and vaccination reactions , 1988, Contact dermatitis.

[66]  C. Cox,et al.  Fetal methylmercury poisoning. Relationship between concentration in single strands of maternal hair and child effects. , 1987, Archives of neurology.

[67]  N. Ballatori,et al.  Dependence of biliary secretion of inorganic mercury on the biliary transport of glutathione. , 1984, Biochemical pharmacology.

[68]  G. A. Wood,et al.  Mercury toxicity following merthiolate ear irrigations. , 1984, The Journal of pediatrics.

[69]  P. Silva,et al.  DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DELAY FROM THREE TO SEVEN YEARS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR LOW INTELLIGENCE AND READING DIFFICULTIES AT AGE SEVEN , 1983, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[70]  E. Gelfand,et al.  Mercury toxicity (acrodynia) induced by long-term injection of gammaglobulin. , 1980, The Journal of pediatrics.

[71]  I. Cincă,et al.  Accidental ethyl mercury poisoning with nervous system, skeletal muscle, and myocardium injury. , 1980, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[72]  T. Clarkson,et al.  Organ mercury levels in infants with omphaloceles treated with organic mercurial antiseptic. , 1977, Archives of disease in childhood.

[73]  T. Clarkson,et al.  Perinatal methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. , 1976, American journal of diseases of children.

[74]  H. Maibach,et al.  Acute laryngeal obstruction presumed secondary to thiomersal (merthiolate) delayed hypersensitivity , 1975, Contact dermatitis.

[75]  T W Clarkson,et al.  Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. , 1973, Science.

[76]  J. Axton Six cases of poisoning after a parenteral organic mercurial compound (Merthiolate) , 1972, Postgraduate medical journal.

[77]  T. Terao,et al.  Mercury compounds in the blood of rats treated with ethylmercuric chloride. , 1968, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[78]  Q. Hill Appendix A , 1967, Intratextual Baudelaire.

[79]  T. Suzuki,et al.  COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BODILY DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN MICE AFTER SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF METHYL, ETHYL AND N-PROPYL MERCURY ACETATES. , 1963, The Japanese journal of experimental medicine.

[80]  J. Cumings,et al.  Organic mercurial encephalopathy , 1963, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[81]  M. Jalili,et al.  Poisoning by Ethyl Mercury Toluene Sulphonanilide , 1961, British journal of industrial medicine.

[82]  C. Dolea,et al.  World Health Organization , 1949, International Organization.

[83]  H. M. Powell,et al.  Merthiolate As a Preservative for Biological Products , 1931, The Journal of Immunology.

[84]  L. Magos Review on the toxicity of ethylmercury, including its presence as a preservative in biological and pharmaceutical products , 2001, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[85]  Impact of the 1999 AAP/USPHS joint statement on thimerosal in vaccines on infant hepatitis B vaccination practices. , 2001, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[86]  Rita Schoeny,et al.  Water Quality Criterion for the Protection of Human Health: Methylmercury , 2001 .

[87]  Thiomersal as a vaccine preservative. , 2000, Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire.

[88]  Dallas,et al.  Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States. Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). , 2000, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[89]  Update: expanded availability of thimerosal preservative-free hepatitis B vaccine. , 2000, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[90]  Summary of the joint statement on thimerosal in vaccines. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Public Health Service. , 2000, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[91]  P. Offit,et al.  Preventing harm from thimerosal in vaccines. , 2000, JAMA.

[92]  Thimerosal in vaccines: a joint statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health Service. , 1999, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[93]  Availability of hepatitis B vaccine that does not contain thimerosal as a preservative. , 1999, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[94]  K. Mahaffey Methylmercury: a new look at the risks. , 1999, Public health reports.

[95]  N. Cox Prevention and control of influenza. , 1999, Lancet.

[96]  K. Pollard,et al.  Effects of mercury on the immune system. , 1997, Metal ions in biological systems.

[97]  S. M. Hewitt,et al.  Pertussis vaccination: use of acellular pertussis vaccines among infants and young children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) , 1997, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[98]  Michigan.,et al.  Toxicological profile for dichloropropenes , 2008 .

[99]  S S Ellenberg,et al.  The complicated task of monitoring vaccine safety. , 1997, Public health reports.

[100]  T. Zilker,et al.  Clinical course of severe poisoning with thiomersal. , 1996, Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology.

[101]  R. Johnston,et al.  Options for Poliomyelitis Vaccination in the United States , 1996 .

[102]  M. Harada,et al.  Minamata disease: methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution. , 1995, Critical reviews in toxicology.

[103]  P. Davidson,et al.  The biological monitoring of mercury in the Seychelles study. , 1995, Neurotoxicology.

[104]  C Cox,et al.  Longitudinal neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from maternal fish ingestion: outcomes at 19 and 29 months. , 1995, Neurotoxicology.

[105]  D. Nalin Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality , 1994, The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine.

[106]  R. Johnston,et al.  DPT Vaccine and Chronic Nervous System Dysfunction: A New Analysis , 1994 .

[107]  A. Oskarsson,et al.  Placental and lactational transfer of mercury from rats exposed to methylmercury in their diet : speciation of mercury in the offspring , 1992 .

[108]  S. Nightingale Seafood safety. , 1990, American family physician.

[109]  P. Wade,et al.  Prenatal and neonatal toxicology and pathology of heavy metals. , 1980, Advances in pharmacology and chemotherapy.

[110]  T. Clarkson The pharmacology of mercury compounds. , 1972, Annual review of pharmacology.

[111]  H. Tokuomi,et al.  [Minamata disease]. , 1968, Naika. Internal medicine.

[112]  S. Damluji Mercurial Poisoning with the Fungicide Granosan M. , 1962 .

[113]  H. M. Powell,et al.  MERTHIOLATE AS A GERMICIDE , 1931 .