Energy-aware routing for delay-sensitive underwater wireless sensor networks

The energy reduction is a challenging problem in the applications of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). The embedded battery is difficult to be replaced and it has an upper bound on its lifetime. Multihop relay is a popular method to reduce energy consumption in data transmission. The energy minimum path from source to destination in the sensor networks can be obtained through the shortest path algorithm. However, because of the node mobility, the global path planning approach is not suitable for the routing in UWSNs. It calls for an energy-efficient routing protocol for the high dynamic UWSNs. In this paper, we propose the modified energy weight routing (MEWR) protocol to deal with the energy-efficient routing of delaysensitive UWSNs. MEWR is a low flooding routing protocol. It can tolerate the node mobility in UWSNs and achieve a low end-to-end packet delay. MEWR can provide lower energy consumption than the existing low delay routing protocols through the dynamic sending power adjustment. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of MEWR.摘要由于水下节点的电池续电困难, 节能对于水下传感器网络非常重要。 本文针对时滞敏感水下传感器网络这类动态拓扑的网络结构, 提出了名为变能耗权重路由(MEWR)协议来实现低能耗路由。 MEWR协议是一种泛洪区域较小的泛洪路由协议, 充分考虑了水下节点的移动特性, 并且拥有较低的端对端延时。 和现有的低延时水下传感器网络路由协议相比, MEWR通过动态调节发送功率的方式, 可以有效减少冗余的数据包转发, 降低网络能耗。 从仿真结果中可以看出MEWR在延时和能耗方面的优越性。

[1]  J. Broch,et al.  Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks , 1998 .

[2]  Michele Zorzi,et al.  Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Multihop Performance , 2003, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[3]  Dario Pompili,et al.  Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges , 2005, Ad Hoc Networks.

[4]  Jon Crowcroft,et al.  Bandwidth-delay based routing algorithms , 1995, Proceedings of GLOBECOM '95.

[5]  Amitabha Das.  NETWORKING 2008, Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Wireless Networks, Next Generation Internet , 7th International IFIP-TC6 Networking Conference, Singapore, May 5-9, 2008, Proceedings , 2008, Networking.

[6]  Mohamed K. Watfa,et al.  A position-based routing algorithm in 3D sensor networks , 2012, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[7]  Chenn-Jung Huang,et al.  A power-efficient routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks , 2011, Appl. Soft Comput..

[8]  David A. Maltz,et al.  Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , 1994, Mobidata.

[9]  Jun-Hong Cui,et al.  Improving the Robustness of Location-Based Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks , 2007, OCEANS 2007 - Europe.

[10]  Michele Zorzi,et al.  Geographic Random Forwarding (GeRaF) for Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Energy and Latency Performance , 2003, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[11]  Gabriel Y. Handler,et al.  A dual algorithm for the constrained shortest path problem , 1980, Networks.

[12]  Jun-Hong Cui,et al.  DBR: Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks , 2008, Networking.

[13]  Jiejun Kong,et al.  The challenges of building mobile underwater wireless networks for aquatic applications , 2006, IEEE Network.

[14]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Routing Over Multi-Hop Wireless Network of Mobile Computers , 2001, Mobidata.

[15]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing , 1999, Proceedings WMCSA'99. Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications.

[16]  Alpár Jüttner.  On Resource Constrained Optimization Problems , 2003 .

[17]  Bal Azs.  Lagrange Relaxation Based Method for the QoS Routing Problem , 2001 .

[18]  Marshall L. Fisher,et al.  The Lagrangian Relaxation Method for Solving Integer Programming Problems , 2004, Manag. Sci..

[19]  Sanguthevar Rajasekaran,et al.  Adaptive Power Controlled Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks , 2012, WASA.

[20]  Peng Xie,et al.  VBF: Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks , 2006, Networking.

[21]  Azween Abdullah,et al.  Hop-by-Hop Dynamic Addressing Based (H2-DAB) Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Information and Multimedia Technology.

[22]  W. H. Thorp.  Analytic Description of the Low‐Frequency Attenuation Coefficient , 1967 .

[23]  Dongkyun Kim,et al.  DFR: Directional flooding-based routing protocol for underwater sensor networks , 2008, OCEANS 2008.

[24]  Dario Pompili,et al.  Distributed Routing Algorithms for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[25]  Guoliang Xue,et al.  The Constrained Shortest Path Problem: Algorithmic Approaches and an Algebraic Study with Generalization ∗ , 2005 .

[26]  Guanding Yu,et al.  Space-Time-Energy based forwarding protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS).

[27]  Abraham Varughese,et al.  Distance based Routing Scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks , 2012 .

[28]  Tomasz Imielinski,et al.  Mobile Computing , 1996 .

[29]  Milica Stojanovic,et al.  On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel , 2007, MOCO.