A Survey of Localization Systems in Internet of Things

With the rapid development in wireless technologies and the Internet, the Internet of Things (IoT) is envisioned to be an integral part of our daily lives. Localization-based services are among the most attractive applications related to the IoT. They are actually, thanks to the deployment of networks of sensors, able to collect and transmit data in order to determine the targets position. A plethora of localization systems are proposed in the literature. These localization systems are based on different positioning approaches, different techniques and different technologies, making them appropriate for some applications and inappropriate for other applications. This survey provides a general overview of the localization in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and surveys technical details related to approaches and algorithms of various important localization techniques using different technologies. Based on the localization approaches, we propose to classify the localization systems to centralized, distributed and interactive. Considering the techniques of localization, we classify them to distance measurement, angle measurement, arear measurement and hop-count measurement based. Finally, Depending on the manner of the wireless devices interaction with the target, we classify the localization systems to two categories: device-based and device-free systems. In device-based techniques, localization is linked to the target, and localization is determined thanks to the cooperation with other deployed wireless devices. Whereas in the device-free systems, the target does not include any wireless device according to the localization. We compare exhaustively each system in terms of precision, cost, evolution and energy efficiency. Furthermore, we show the importance of localization in modern IoT application such as smart city, smart transportation and mobility. In this concern, we provide an overview of the main challenges of localization in IoT exposed recently in the literature. Finally, we suggest in this paper some future directions in localization studies. This paper intends to help new researchers in the field of localization and IoT by providing a comprehensive survey on recent advances in this field.

[1]  Makoto Kawai,et al.  Experimental evaluations of RSS threshold-based optimised DV-HOP localisation for wireless ad-hoc networks , 2014 .

[2]  Gilbert Burnet.  Thoughts on education , 2010 .

[3]  Moe Z. Win,et al.  A smartphone localization algorithm using RSSI and inertial sensor measurement fusion , 2013, 2013 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[4]  Daniel Díaz Sánchez,et al.  Major requirements for building Smart Homes in Smart Cities based on Internet of Things technologies , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[5]  Chwan-Lu Tseng,et al.  A Hop-Count Localization Method with Boundary Improvement for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016, 2016 International Symposium on Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C).

[6]  Yang Zhao,et al.  An Indoor Multi-Tag Cooperative Localization Algorithm Based on NMDS for RFID , 2017, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[7]  Chadly Marouane,et al.  Indoor positioning using smartphone camera , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation.

[8]  Subir Halder,et al.  A survey on mobility-assisted localization techniques in wireless sensor networks , 2016, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[9]  Yunzhou Zhang,et al.  Indoor Mobile Localization Based on Wi-Fi Fingerprint's Important Access Point , 2015, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[10]  A. Haghighat,et al.  Beep: 3D indoor positioning using audible sound , 2005, Second IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, 2005. CCNC. 2005.

[11]  V. Vyatkin,et al.  Multiagent Smart Grid Automation Architecture Based on IEC 61850/61499 Intelligent Logical Nodes , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[12]  Kamin Whitehouse,et al.  Doorjamb: unobtrusive room-level tracking of people in homes using doorway sensors , 2012, SenSys '12.

[13]  Yonghong Tian,et al.  Indoor Trajectory Tracking Scheme Based on Delaunay Triangulation and Heuristic Information in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2017, Sensors.

[14]  Giovanni Pau,et al.  Internet of Vehicles: From intelligent grid to autonomous cars and vehicular fogs , 2014, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).

[15]  Jiming Chen,et al.  Gradient-Based Fingerprinting for Indoor Localization and Tracking , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[16]  Luca Calderoni,et al.  Indoor localization in a hospital environment using Random Forest classifiers , 2015, Expert Syst. Appl..

[17]  Peter Stephan,et al.  Demonstrating remote operation of industrial devices using mobile phones , 2007, Mobility '07.

[18]  Xiaolin Li,et al.  Towards accurate acoustic localization on a smartphone , 2013, 2013 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[19]  Wei Li,et al.  Mobile Target Positioning Using Refining Distance Measurements with Inaccurate Anchor Nodes in Chain-Type Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014, Mob. Networks Appl..

[20]  Fenxiong Chen,et al.  An improved DV-Distance localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2010, 2010 2nd International Conference on Advanced Computer Control.

[21]  Jae-Doo Huh,et al.  Sensor Information Management Mechanism for Context-aware Service in Ubiquitous Home , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[22]  Oh-Heum Kwon,et al.  Estimating Tag Positions in A Two-Dimensional Tag Matrix , 2015 .

[23]  Y. Matsuo,et al.  A Method for Estimating Position and Orientation with a Topological Approach using Multiple Infrared Tags , 2007, 2007 Fourth International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems.

[24]  Meng Zhang,et al.  Multiple human location in a distributed binary pyroelectric infrared sensor network , 2017 .

[25]  Young-Guk Ha,et al.  A Ubiquitous Homecare Service System Using a Wearable User Interface Device , 2012, 2012 IEEE/ACIS 11th International Conference on Computer and Information Science.

[26]  Jochen Schiller,et al.  Location Based Services , 2004 .

[27]  Andy Hopper,et al.  The active badge location system , 1992, TOIS.

[28]  Hongxu Jin,et al.  Improvement on APIT Localization Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing.

[29]  Weng Khuen Ho,et al.  A tracking cooling fan using geofence and camera-based indoor localization , 2017 .

[30]  Taketoshi Iyota,et al.  Indoor positioning for moving objects using a hardware device with spread spectrum ultrasonic waves , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN).

[31]  Andrea Giorgetti,et al.  Effect of state space partitioning on Bayesian tracking for UWB radar sensor networks , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB).

[32]  Óscar Cánovas Reverte,et al.  A Multisensor Architecture Providing Location-based Services for Smartphones , 2012, Mobile Networks and Applications.

[33]  Samer S. Saab,et al.  A Standalone RFID Indoor Positioning System Using Passive Tags , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[34]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  MISE-PIPE: Magnetic induction-based wireless sensor networks for underground pipeline monitoring , 2011, Ad Hoc Networks.

[35]  João Reis,et al.  Accurate smartphone indoor positioning using a WSN infrastructure and non-invasive audio for TDoA estimation , 2015, Pervasive Mob. Comput..

[36]  João L. Monteiro,et al.  Localization and Positioning Systems for Emergency Responders: A Survey , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[37]  Dirk Timmermann,et al.  Approaches for device-free multi-user localization with passive RFID , 2013, International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation.

[38]  Silvia de Miguel-Bilbao,et al.  Comparative analysis of indoor location technologies for monitoring of elderly , 2013, 2013 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2013).

[39]  Naitong Zhang,et al.  Device-free human localization using panoramic camera and indoor map , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-China (ICCE-China).

[40]  Jaehoon Jeong,et al.  SALA: Smartphone-Assisted Localization Algorithm for Positioning Indoor IoT Devices , 2018, Wirel. Networks.

[41]  Tian He,et al.  Walking GPS: a practical solution for localization in manually deployed wireless sensor networks , 2004, 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks.

[42]  Shuai Tao,et al.  Multiperson Locating and Their Soft Tracking in a Binary Infrared Sensor Network , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems.

[43]  Lei Shu,et al.  Locating in Crowdsourcing-Based DataSpace: Wireless Indoor Localization without Special Devices , 2014, Mob. Networks Appl..

[44]  Kai Zhao,et al.  A Time Localization System in Smart Home Using Hierarchical Structure and Dynamic Frequency , 2016, 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 14th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 2nd International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS).

[45]  Janne Haverinen,et al.  Global indoor self-localization based on the ambient magnetic field , 2009, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[46]  Husheng Li,et al.  Compressive sensing based sub-mm accuracy UWB positioning systems: A space-time approach , 2013, Digit. Signal Process..

[47]  M.R. Mahfouz,et al.  Real-Time Noncoherent UWB Positioning Radar With Millimeter Range Accuracy: Theory and Experiment , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[48]  Lina Yao,et al.  Device-free indoor localization and tracking through Human-Object Interactions , 2016, 2016 IEEE 17th International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM).

[49]  Meng Joo Er,et al.  A novel node localization algorithm for anisotropic wireless sensor networks with holes based on MDS-MAP and EKF , 2016, 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON).

[50]  Shou-De Lin,et al.  Connected vehicle safety science, system, and framework , 2014, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT).

[51]  Mohamed S. Shehata,et al.  Structural Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[52]  Ying Zhang,et al.  Localization from mere connectivity , 2003, MobiHoc '03.

[53]  Miao Yu,et al.  WiSal: Ubiquitous WiFi-Based Device-Free Passive Subarea Localization without Intensive Site-Survey , 2016, 2016 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA.

[54]  Alessio De Angelis,et al.  Design and Characterization of a Portable Ultrasonic Indoor 3-D Positioning System , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[55]  Raúl Quintero,et al.  Recognizing individuals in groups in outdoor environments combining stereo vision, RFID and BLE , 2017, Cluster Computing.

[56]  Mi Zhang,et al.  BodyBeat: Eavesdropping on our Body Using a Wearable Microphone , 2015, GETMBL.

[57]  Sajal K. Das,et al.  Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor Localization , 2011, Theoretical Aspects of Distributed Computing in Sensor Networks.

[58]  Yu Gu,et al.  Energy-Efficient Indoor Localization of Smart Hand-Held Devices Using Bluetooth , 2015, IEEE Access.

[59]  Josip Music,et al.  Cleaning up smart cities — Localization of semi-autonomous floor scrubber , 2016, 2016 International Multidisciplinary Conference on Computer and Energy Science (SpliTech).

[60]  D. Mitchell Wilkes,et al.  Mobile robot localization using an electronic compass for corridor environment , 2000, Smc 2000 conference proceedings. 2000 ieee international conference on systems, man and cybernetics. 'cybernetics evolving to systems, humans, organizations, and their complex interactions' (cat. no.0.

[61]  Ahmed Tamtaoui,et al.  Improving Vehicle Localization in a Smart City with Low Cost Sensor Networks and Support Vector Machines , 2017, Mobile Networks and Applications.

[62]  Milan Z. Bjelica,et al.  A human detection method for residential smart energy systems based on Zigbee RSSI changes , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[63]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  Semisupervised Deep Reinforcement Learning in Support of IoT and Smart City Services , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[64]  Wolfram Burgard,et al.  Monte Carlo Localization: Efficient Position Estimation for Mobile Robots , 1999, AAAI/IAAI.

[65]  Yuanguo Bi,et al.  Human localization based on inertial sensors and fingerprints in the Industrial Internet of Things , 2016, Comput. Networks.

[66]  Pawel Kulakowski,et al.  Angle-of-arrival localization based on antenna arrays for wireless sensor networks , 2010, Comput. Electr. Eng..

[67]  Ghassem Mokhtari,et al.  BLUESOUND: A New Resident Identification Sensor—Using Ultrasound Array and BLE Technology for Smart Home Platform , 2017, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[68]  Hannu Tenhunen,et al.  A 2.4-GHz ISM RF and UWB hybrid RFID real-time locating system for industrial enterprise Internet of Things , 2017, Enterp. Inf. Syst..

[69]  Yudong Zhang,et al.  On the Construction of Data Aggregation Tree With Maximizing Lifetime in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[70]  Detlef Zühlke,et al.  SmartFactory - Towards a factory-of-things , 2010, Annu. Rev. Control..

[71]  Ying Zhang,et al.  Robust distributed node localization with error management , 2006, MobiHoc '06.

[72]  Hao-Hua Chu,et al.  Unsupervised Learning for Solving RSS Hardware Variance Problem in WiFi Localization , 2009, Mob. Networks Appl..

[73]  Andy Hopper,et al.  The Anatomy of a Context-Aware Application , 2002, Wirel. Networks.

[74]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  Software-Defined Industrial Internet of Things in the Context of Industry 4.0 , 2016, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[75]  Tie Luo,et al.  Infrastructureless signal source localization using crowdsourced data for smart-city applications , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[76]  A. Ruiz-Canales,et al.  Platform for the management of hydraulic chambers based on mobile devices and Bluetooth Low-Energy motes , 2017 .

[77]  Yunsik Son,et al.  Tag localization in a two-dimensional RFID tag matrix , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[78]  Hui Li,et al.  Natural Disaster Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Networks: A Case Study of Data-intensive Applications upon Low-Cost Scalable Systems , 2013, Mob. Networks Appl..

[79]  Filip Maly,et al.  Improving Indoor Localization Using Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons , 2016, Mob. Inf. Syst..

[80]  Nghi H. Tran,et al.  An Improved Hybrid RSS/TDOA Wireless Sensors Localization Technique Utilizing Wi-Fi Networks , 2016, Mob. Networks Appl..

[81]  Lei Yang,et al.  See Through Walls with COTS RFID System! , 2015, MobiCom.

[82]  Marcel Estel,et al.  Feasibility of Bluetooth ibeacons for indoor localization , 2015, DEC.

[83]  Zhao Jing,et al.  The Designing of Indoor Localization System Based on Self-Organized WSN Using Pulson UWB Sensors , 2015, 2015 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering.

[84]  Mónica F. Bugallo,et al.  Target Tracking by Particle Filtering in Binary Sensor Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[85]  Xiaofei Wang,et al.  Smart Home 2.0: Innovative Smart Home System Powered by Botanical IoT and Emotion Detection , 2017, Mob. Networks Appl..

[86]  Naser El-Sheimy,et al.  Autonomous smartphone-based WiFi positioning system by using access points localization and crowdsourcing , 2015, Pervasive Mob. Comput..

[87]  Jing Wang,et al.  Iterative Cooperation DV-Hop Localization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE 71st Vehicular Technology Conference.

[88]  Naitong Zhang,et al.  Human Localization Using Multi-Source Heterogeneous Data in Indoor Environments , 2017, IEEE Access.

[89]  Fang Deng,et al.  A Novel Robust Trilateration Method Applied to Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Location Systems , 2017, Sensors.

[90]  Tanir Ozcelebi,et al.  Light pole localization in a smart city , 2014, Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA).

[91]  Guangjie Han,et al.  An Indoor Ultrasonic Positioning System Based on TOA for Internet of Things , 2016, Mob. Inf. Syst..

[92]  Zhe Wang,et al.  VN-APIT: virtual nodes-based range-free APIT localization scheme for WSN , 2016, Wirel. Networks.

[93]  Mauro Marinoni,et al.  Solving ambiguities in MDS relative localization , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR).

[94]  Hamzah Sakidin,et al.  WLAN location fingerprinting technique for device-free indoor localization system , 2016, 2016 3rd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS).

[95]  Lu Wang,et al.  Pilot: Passive Device-Free Indoor Localization Using Channel State Information , 2013, 2013 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.

[96]  Qun Li,et al.  A Crowd-Sourcing Indoor Localization Algorithm via Optical Camera on a Smartphone Assisted by Wi-Fi Fingerprint RSSI , 2016, Sensors.

[97]  Martin Brandl,et al.  Position estimation of RFID-based sensors using SAW compressive receivers , 2016 .

[98]  S. Affes,et al.  Hop-count based localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks , 2013, 2013 13th Mediterranean Microwave Symposium (MMS).

[99]  Ashish Pandharipande,et al.  Distributed Ultrasonic Zoned Presence Sensing System , 2014, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[100]  Hari Balakrishnan,et al.  6th ACM/IEEE International Conference on on Mobile Computing and Networking (ACM MOBICOM ’00) The Cricket Location-Support System , 2022 .