The development of infantile autism

An account is given of how research over the last 30 years has led to progress in the delineation of the mechanisms involved in the genesis of the behaviour covered by the term ‘infantile autism’. The validity, nature, and basis of the syndrome are discussed with reference to treatment.

[1]  Victor Lotter,et al.  Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children , 1966, Social psychiatry.

[2]  G. Berkson,et al.  Stereotyped movements of mental defectives. I. Initial survey. , 1962, American journal of mental deficiency.

[3]  L. Kanner,et al.  CHILDHOOD SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPOSIUM, 1955. 6. EARLY INFANTILE AUTISM, 1943‐55 , 1956 .

[4]  C. Hutt,et al.  Differential Effects of Group Density on Social Behaviour , 1966, Nature.

[5]  M. A. Cunningham A comparison of the language of psychotic and non-psychotic children who are mentally retarded. , 1968, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[6]  S. Chess,et al.  Psychiatric disorders of children with congenital rubella , 1971 .

[7]  A. Ward Early infantile autism: diagnosis, etiology, and treatment. , 1970, Psychological bulletin.

[8]  M. Rutter,et al.  A Five to Fifteen Year Follow-up Study of Infantile Psychosis , 1967, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[9]  E. J. O’Connell,et al.  Parent-Child Interactions: Daughter's Effects upon Mothers' and Fathers' Behaviors. , 1972 .

[10]  C Ounsted,et al.  The biological significance of gaze aversion with particular reference to the syndrome of infantile autism. , 1966, Behavioral science.

[11]  W. Demyer,et al.  Imitation in autistic, early schizophrenic, and non-psychotic subnormal children , 1972, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[12]  E. Ornitz,et al.  Systematic observations of autistic behavior. , 1968, Archives of general psychiatry.

[13]  J. Rendle–Short,et al.  Infantile Autism: The Correction of Feeding Abnormalities , 1969, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[14]  A. Daneel,et al.  Early childhood autism. , 1974, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[15]  P. S. Weiner The perceptual level functioning of dysphasic children: a follow-up study. , 1972, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[16]  P. Mittler,et al.  Prognosis in psychotic children: report of a follow-up study. , 2008, Journal of mental deficiency research.

[17]  S. Chess,et al.  A BEHAVIOURAL STUDY OF SCHIZOPHRENIC CHILDREN , 1964, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[18]  F. G. Worden,et al.  Case report twenty-eight years after an infantile autistic disorder. , 1951, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[19]  L. T. Taft,et al.  Hypsarrhythmia and infantile autism: A clinical report , 1971, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[20]  L. Mann,et al.  The First review of special education , 1973 .

[21]  Follow-up study of eleven autistic children originally reported in 1943 , 1971, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[22]  G. Alpern,et al.  Short intelligence test ranging from infancy levels through childhood levels for use with the retarded. , 1970, American journal of mental deficiency.

[23]  M. Rutter,et al.  The child with delayed speech , 1972 .

[24]  Philip Graham,et al.  A Neuropsychiatric Study in Childhood , 1971 .

[25]  B. Bettelheim,et al.  The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self , 1972 .

[26]  M E KAUFMAN,et al.  A STUDY OF THREE STEREOTYPED BEHAVIORS IN INSTITUTIONALIZED MENTAL DEFECTIVES. , 1965, American journal of mental deficiency.

[27]  J Q Simmons,et al.  Some generalization and follow-up measures on autistic children in behavior therapy. , 1973, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[28]  R. Koegel,et al.  The relationship of self-stimulation to learning in autistic children. , 1972, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[29]  H. Maudsley Body and mind: An inquiry into their connection and mutual influence, specially in reference to mental disorders (enlarged and rev. ed.). , 1873 .

[30]  E. Ornitz,et al.  Perceptual inconstancy in early infantile autism. The syndrome of early infant autism and its variants including certain cases of childhood schizophrenia. , 1968, Archives of general psychiatry.

[31]  E. Schopler Visual versus tactual receptor preference in normal and schizophrenic children. , 1966, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[32]  M. Rutter,et al.  A Comparative Study of Infantile Autism and Specific Developmental Receptive Language Disorder , 1975, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[33]  H. Birch,et al.  Childhood schizophrenia. Intellect, neurologic status, perinatal risk, prognosis, and family pathology. , 1967, Archives of general psychiatry.

[34]  P. S. Weiner The perceptual level functioning of dysphasic children. , 1969, Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior.

[35]  M. Rutter,et al.  A Comparative Study of Infantile Autism and Specific Developmental Receptive Language Disorder , 1975, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[36]  D. W. Churchill,et al.  Looking and approach behavior of psychotic and normal children as a function of adult attention or preoccupation. , 1972, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[37]  W Goldfarb,et al.  Speech and language faults of schizophrenic children , 1972, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[38]  Environmental modification of autistic behavior. , 1970, Archives of general psychiatry.

[39]  J. Hingtgen,et al.  Recent Developments in the Study of Early Childhood Psychoses: Infantile Autism, Childhood Schizophrenia, and Related Disorders , 1972 .

[40]  C Ounsted,et al.  A behavioural and electroencephalographic study of autistic children. , 1965, Journal of psychiatric research.

[41]  B. Friedlander Receptive Language Development in Infancy: Issues and Problems. , 1970 .

[42]  A. Bar,et al.  Communication between language-deficient children and mothers or a speech pathologist , 1971 .

[43]  K. Makita THE AGE OF ONSET OF CHILDHOOD SCHIZOPHRENIA , 1966, Folia psychiatrica et neurologica japonica.

[44]  A. Lowe,et al.  Temporal discrimination in aphasoid and normal children. , 1965, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[45]  H. Himwich,et al.  A biochemical study of early infantile autism , 1972, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[46]  J. Walker-Smith,et al.  ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN, AUTISM, AND CŒLIAC DISEASE , 1972 .

[47]  G. Alpern Measurement of "untestable" autistic children. , 1967, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[48]  M. Rutter,et al.  Causes of infantile autism: Some considerations from recent research , 1971, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[49]  H. Clancy,et al.  The autistic process and its treatment. , 1969, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[50]  S. T. Orton Reading, Writing and Speech Problems in Children , 1938, Nature.

[51]  M. Rutter,et al.  A five- to fifteen-year follow-up study of infantile psychosis. IV. Patterns of cognitive ability. , 1970, The British journal of social and clinical psychology.

[52]  E. Lenneberg Biological Foundations of Language , 1967 .

[53]  M. Rutter The Influence of Organic and Emotional Factors on the Origins, Nature and Outcome of Childhood Psychosis , 1965, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[54]  J. Stark,et al.  Effects of alterations of prosodic features on the sequencing performance of aphasic children. , 1967, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[55]  C. Hutt,et al.  Effects of environmental complexity on stereotyped behaviours of children , 1965 .

[56]  B. Rimland The differentiation of childhood psychoses: An analysis of checklists for 2,218 psychotic children , 1971, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[57]  S. Gillies SOME ABILITIES OF PSYCHOTIC CHILDREN AND SUBNORMAL CONTROLS. , 2008, Journal of mental deficiency research.

[58]  M. Rutter,et al.  Special educational treatment of autistic children: a comparative study. II. Follow-up findings and implications for services. , 1973, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[59]  J. Eisenson Developmental Aphasia (Dyslogia): A Postulation of a Unitary Concept of the Disorder , 1968 .

[60]  D. Sankar Schizophrenia : current concepts and research , 1969 .

[61]  J. Despert,et al.  Some considerations relating to the genesis of autistic behavior in children. , 1951, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[62]  Creak Em Childhood psychosis. A review of 100 cases. , 1963 .

[63]  U. Frith,et al.  Psychological Studies of Childhood Autism: Can Autistic Children Make Sense of What They See and Hear? , 1971 .

[64]  L. Kanner Autistic disturbances of affective contact. , 1968, Acta paedopsychiatrica.

[65]  R. Q. Bell Stimulus Control of Parent or Caretaker Behavior by Offspring. , 1971 .

[66]  N. O’connor,et al.  Psychological Experiments With Autistic Children , 1970 .

[67]  R. Q. Bell A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. , 1968, Psychological review.

[68]  M. Rutter,et al.  A Five to Fifteen Year Follow-Up Study of Infantile Psychosis , 1967, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[69]  J. Kagan,et al.  Mother-child interaction in the first year of life. , 1972, Child development.

[70]  S. Szurek,et al.  A Clinical Study of Childhood Schizophrenia. , 1960 .

[71]  M. Rutter,et al.  Special educational treatment of autistic children: a comparative study. 1. Design of study and characteristics of units. , 1973, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[72]  G. Berkson,et al.  Stereotyped movements of mental defectives. II. Effects of novel objects. , 1963, American journal of mental deficiency.

[73]  L. Kanner,et al.  Early infantile autism, 1943-1955. , 1957, Psychiatric research reports.

[74]  Visual Analogies of Verbal Operations , 1965, Language and speech.

[75]  M. Rutter,et al.  A Five- to Fifteen-Year Follow-up Study of Infantile Psychosis , 1969, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[76]  Siegel Gm ADULT VERBRAL BEHAVIOR WITH RETARDED CHILDREN LABELED AS "HIGH" OR "LOW" IN VERBAL ABILITY. , 1963 .

[77]  M. DeMyer,et al.  A comparison of five diagnostic systems for childhood schizophrenia and infantile autism , 1971, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[78]  A. Holzel,et al.  Modern trends in paediatrics , 1958 .

[79]  D. W. Churchill Effects of Success and Failure in Psychotic Children , 1971 .

[80]  M. Rutter,et al.  A home-based approach to the treatment of autistic children , 1973, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[81]  D. Pond Psychiatric Aspects of Epileptic and Brain-damaged Children* , 1961, British medical journal.

[82]  J. Anthony An experimental approach to the psychopathology of childhood: autism. , 1958, The British journal of medical psychology.

[83]  S. Chess,et al.  AN ANALYSIS OF THE LANGUAGE OF FOURTEEN SCHIZOPHRENIC CHILDREN. , 1965, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[84]  U. Frith Cognitive mechanisms in autism: Experiments with color and tone sequence production , 1972, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[85]  L. Wing,et al.  Multiple impairments in early childhood autism , 1971, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[86]  G. O'Gorman The Nature of Childhood Autism , 1971 .

[87]  K. Hirsch Differential diagnosis between aphasic and schizophrenic language in children. , 1967 .

[88]  M. Rutter,et al.  Concepts of autism: a review of research. , 1968, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[89]  J. Hingtgen,et al.  Identification of perceptual limitations in mute autistic children. Identification by the use of behavior modification. , 1969, Archives of general psychiatry.

[90]  D. Jackson The etiology of schizophrenia. , 1960 .

[91]  P. Cowan,et al.  Compliance and resistance in the conditioning of autistic children: an exploratory study. , 1965, Child development.

[92]  E. Ritvo,et al.  Examination of circadian rhythmicity of blood serotonin and platelets in autistic and non-autistic children , 1971, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[93]  W. Mason,et al.  STEREOTYPED MOVEMENTS OF MENTAL DEFECTIVES. IV. THE EFFECTS OF TOYS AND THE CHARACTER OF THE ACTS. , 1964, American journal of mental deficiency.

[94]  M. Rutter Autistic children: infancy to adulthood. , 1970, Seminars in psychiatry.

[95]  C. F. Hockett The origin of speech. , 1960, Scientific American.

[96]  L. Eisenberg The autistic child in adolescence. , 1956, The American journal of psychiatry.

[97]  J. Stark,et al.  Visual sequencing performance of aphasic children. , 1969, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[98]  Operant Conditioning for Investigating Speech Sound Discrimination in Aphasic Children , 1965 .

[99]  E. Ornitz,et al.  Frequency of repetitive behaviors in early infantile autism and its variants. , 1968, Archives of general psychiatry.

[100]  S. Rosenberg,et al.  COMPLEXITY OF ADULT VERBAL BEHAVIOR IN A DYADIC SITUATION WITH RETARDED CHILDREN. , 1964, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[101]  John Haslam on early infantile autism. , 1962, The American journal of psychiatry.

[102]  Early infantile autism , 1954 .

[103]  L. Sahlmann,et al.  Autism or Aphasia? , 1969, Developmental medicine and child neurology.

[104]  R. O'brien,et al.  Uptake and loss of14C-dopamine by platelets from children with infantile autism , 1972, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[105]  L. Kanner,et al.  How far can autistic children go in matters of social adaptation? , 1972, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[106]  U. Frith Studies in pattern detection in normal and autistic children. I. Immediate recall of auditory sequences. , 1970, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[107]  H. Furth SEQUENCE LEARNING IN APHASIC AND DEAF CHILDREN. , 1964, The Journal of speech and hearing disorders.

[108]  E. Schopler,et al.  Thought disorders in parents of psychotic children. A function of test anxiety. , 1969, Archives of general psychiatry.

[109]  D. W. Churchill The relation of infantile autism and early childhood schizophrenia to developmental language disorders of childhood , 1972, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.

[110]  L. Kanner,et al.  Irrelevant and metaphorical language in early infantile autism. , 1946, The American journal of psychiatry.

[111]  Michael Rurrer,et al.  A developmental and behavioral approach to the treatment of preschool autistic children , 1971, Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia.