CHAPTER 6: SMALL CRAFT AND THE SPREAD OF EXOTIC SPECIES

This chapter describes how an increasing number of marine non-indigenous species (NIS) have been recorded from urban and port environments worldwide over the past centuries. This spread has for many species been attributed to the shipping industry. Ships are capable of spreading exotic species in ballast water (taken on board to provide stability at sea) or attached to submerged hull surfaces (hull fouling). Worldwide, more than 2,000 different species have been identified from hull-fouling assemblages. Despite a likely decline in the rate of species transfers on ship hulls through the development of modern toxic “antifouling paints”, NIS continue to be transported on the hulls of domestic and international vessels. This chapter examines hull fouling on small craft as a transportation vector for NIS in widely dispersed regions including temperate and tropical environments. The chapter provides summaries of NIS incursions associated with small craft movements, outlines the factors that make small craft susceptible to fouling, and it documents a recent general increase in the abundance of small craft and associated industries. The chapter also discusses the likely dispersal routes of NIS by small craft and it makes recommendations for managing the risks of small craft fouling and NIS transportation.

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