Comparative Gene-Expression Analysis of the Dental Follicle and Periodontal Ligament in Humans

The human dental follicle partially differentiates into the periodontal ligament (PDL), but their biological functions are different. The gene-expression profiles of the dental follicle and PDL were compared using the cDNA microarray technique. Microarray analysis identified 490 genes with a twofold or greater difference in expression, 365 and 125 of which were more abundant in the dental follicle and PDL, respectively. The most strongly expressed genes in the dental follicle were those related to bone development and remodeling (EGFL6, MMP8, FRZB, and NELL1), apoptosis and chemotaxis (Nox4, CXCL13, and CCL2), and tooth and embryo development (WNT2, PAX3, FGF7, AMBN, AMTN, and SLC4A4), while in the PDL it was the tumor-suppressor gene WIF1. Genes related to bone development and remodeling (STMN2, IBSP, BMP8A, BGLAP, ACP5, OPN, BMP3, and TM7SF4) and wound healing (IL1, IL8, MMP3, and MMP9) were also more strongly expressed in the PDL than in the dental follicle. In selected genes, a comparison among cDNA microarray, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical staining confirmed similar relative gene expressions. The gene-expression profiles presented here identify candidate genes that may enable differentiation between the dental follicle and PDL.

[1]  W. Park,et al.  Comparative Gene Expression Analysis of the Human Periodontal Ligament in Deciduous and Permanent Teeth , 2013, PloS one.

[2]  R. Moon,et al.  Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2)-mediated differentiation of dental follicle cells. , 2012, Journal of periodontal research.

[3]  T. Kodama,et al.  Vitamin E decreases bone mass by stimulating osteoclast fusion , 2012, Nature Medicine.

[4]  R. Chiu,et al.  NELL-1, an Osteoinductive Factor, Is a Direct Transcriptional Target of Osterix , 2011, PloS one.

[5]  Tetsuji Sato,et al.  Immunocompetent cells and cytokine expression in the rat periodontal ligament at the initial stage of orthodontic tooth movement. , 2011, Archives of oral biology.

[6]  Hao Wang,et al.  EGFL6 Promotes Endothelial Cell Migration and Angiogenesis through the Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase* , 2011, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[7]  Y. Miake,et al.  Transforming growth factor beta inducible apoptotic cascade in epithelial cells during rat molar tooth eruptions , 2010, Anatomical science international.

[8]  G. Schmalz,et al.  The differentiation and gene expression profile of human dental follicle cells. , 2010, Stem cells and development.

[9]  I. Thesleff,et al.  Patterns of Wnt pathway activity in the mouse incisor indicate absence of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the epithelial stem cells , 2009, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[10]  D. Rowe,et al.  Identification of differentially expressed genes between osteoblasts and osteocytes. , 2009, Bone.

[11]  C. Dani,et al.  Stathmin-like 2, a developmentally-associated neuronal marker, is expressed and modulated during osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. , 2008, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[12]  Y. Qu,et al.  Over-expression of FRZB in gastric cancer cell suppresses proliferation and induces differentiation , 2008, Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.

[13]  G. Schmalz,et al.  Somatic stem cells for regenerative dentistry , 2008, Clinical Oral Investigations.

[14]  H. Friess,et al.  BGLAP is expressed in pancreatic cancer cells and increases their growth and invasion , 2007, Molecular Cancer.

[15]  J. Vuoristo,et al.  Comparative gene expression profile analysis between native human odontoblasts and pulp tissue. , 2007, International endodontic journal.

[16]  H. Arzate,et al.  Localization of STRO-1, BMP-2/-3/-7, BMP receptors and phosphorylated Smad-1 during the formation of mouse periodontium. , 2007, Tissue & cell.

[17]  G. Srivastava,et al.  The tumor suppressor Wnt inhibitory factor 1 is frequently methylated in nasopharyngeal and esophageal carcinomas , 2007, Laboratory Investigation.

[18]  Je-Yong Choi,et al.  Differential gene expression of periodontal ligament cells after loading of static compressive force. , 2007, Journal of periodontology.

[19]  C. McCulloch.  Proteomics for the periodontium: current strategies and future promise. , 2006, Periodontology 2000.

[20]  T. Salo,et al.  Analysis of gene and protein expression in healthy and carious tooth pulp with cDNA microarray and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. , 2005, European journal of oral sciences.

[21]  P. Cooper,et al.  Gene expression profiling of pulpal tissue reveals the molecular complexity of dental caries. , 2005, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[22]  S. Knuutila,et al.  Gene Expression Profiling of Ameloblastoma and Human Tooth Germ by Means of a cDNA Microarray , 2002, Journal of dental research.

[23]  S. Amar,et al.  Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed in Cultured Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts vs. Human Gingival Fibroblasts by DNA Microarray Analysis , 2002, Journal of dental research.

[24]  M. Salmon,et al.  Ectopic expression of the B cell-attracting chemokine BCA-1 (CXCL13) on endothelial cells and within lymphoid follicles contributes to the establishment of germinal center-like structures in Sjögren's syndrome. , 2001, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[25]  D. Heinegård,et al.  Dephosphorylation of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein by osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Modulation of osteoclast adhesion in vitro. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[26]  C. McCulloch,et al.  Bone sialoprotein in developing porcine dental tissues: cellular expression and comparison of tissue localization with osteopontin and osteonectin. , 1993, Archives of oral biology.

[27]  B. Rollins,et al.  Cloning and expression of JE, a gene inducible by platelet-derived growth factor and whose product has cytokine-like properties. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  M. Nagata,et al.  Altered gene expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in periodontitis-affected gingival tissue. , 2008, Journal of periodontology.

[29]  A. T. Ten Cate,et al.  The development of the periodontium--a largely ectomesenchymally derived unit. , 1997, Periodontology 2000.