HOT VENTS BENEATH AN ICY OCEAN THE AURORA VENT FIELD, GAKKEL RIDGE, REVEALED

. Evidence of hydrothermal venting on the ultra-slow spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Central Arctic Ocean has been available since 2001, with first visual evidence of black smokers on the Aurora Vent Field obtained in 2014. But it was not until 2021 that the first ever remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives to hydrothermal vents under permanent ice cover in the Arctic were conducted, enabling the collection of vent fluids, rocks, microbes

[1]  C. Mertens,et al.  Volcanically hosted venting with indications of ultramafic influence at Aurora hydrothermal field on Gakkel Ridge , 2022, Nature Communications.

[2]  Chong Chen,et al.  Integrative taxonomy of a new cocculinid limpet dominating the Aurora Vent Field in the central Arctic ocean , 2022, Royal Society Open Science.

[3]  Jiabiao Li,et al.  Submarine wide-angle seismic experiments in the High Arctic – The JASMInE Expedition in the slowest spreading Gakkel Ridge , 2022, Geosystems and Geoenvironment.

[4]  K. Hand,et al.  Compositions of dissolved organic matter in the ice-covered waters above the Aurora hydrothermal vent system, Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean , 2022, Biogeosciences.

[5]  M. Lo,et al.  Science Goals and Mission Architecture of the Europa Lander Mission Concept , 2022, The Planetary Science Journal.

[6]  P. Sarradin,et al.  Hydrothermal plumes as hotspots for deep-ocean heterotrophic microbial biomass production , 2021, Nature Communications.

[7]  A. McEwen,et al.  The Science Case for a Return to Enceladus , 2021, The Planetary Science Journal.

[8]  F. Postberg,et al.  The Enceladus Orbilander Mission Concept: Balancing Return and Resources in the Search for Life , 2021, The Planetary Science Journal.

[9]  Nicholas D. Higgs,et al.  A decade to study deep-sea life , 2020, Nature Ecology & Evolution.

[10]  Daniel O. B. Jones,et al.  Deep-sea mining , 2020, Natural Capital and Exploitation of the Deep Ocean.

[11]  Natural Capital and Exploitation of the Deep Ocean , 2020 .

[12]  J. Copley,et al.  Evidence of Vent-Adaptation in Sponges Living at the Periphery of Hydrothermal Vent Environments: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications , 2020, Frontiers in Microbiology.

[13]  C. Sotin,et al.  On the Habitability and Future Exploration of Ocean Worlds , 2020, Space Science Reviews.

[14]  M. Hedman,et al.  Forecasting Rates of Volcanic Activity on Terrestrial Exoplanets and Implications for Cryovolcanic Activity on Extrasolar Ocean Worlds , 2020, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

[15]  H. Goessling.  Making Use and Sense of 75,000 Forecasts of the Sea Ice Drift Forecast Experiment (SIDFEx) , 2020 .

[16]  P. Vullum,et al.  On the biogenicity of Fe‐oxyhydroxide filaments in silicified low‐temperature hydrothermal deposits: Implications for the identification of Fe‐oxidizing bacteria in the rock record , 2019, Geobiology.

[17]  Michael E. Brown,et al.  Sodium chloride on the surface of Europa , 2019, Science Advances.

[18]  A. Davies,et al.  Oceanographic setting and short-timescale environmental variability at an Arctic seamount sponge ground , 2018, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers.

[19]  V. Ivanenko,et al.  Characteristics of meiofauna in extreme marine ecosystems: a review , 2018, Marine Biodiversity.

[20]  Shaun T. Brown,et al.  Effect of paleoseawater composition on hydrothermal exchange in midocean ridges , 2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[21]  Florian Schmid,et al.  Mid-ocean-ridge seismicity reveals extreme types of ocean lithosphere , 2016, Nature.

[22]  Ann Vanreusel,et al.  Hydrothermal Vents and Methane Seeps: Rethinking the Sphere of Influence , 2016, Front. Mar. Sci..

[23]  E. Baker,et al.  Where are the undiscovered hydrothermal vents on oceanic spreading ridges , 2015 .

[24]  William J. Jenkins,et al.  Basin-scale transport of hydrothermal dissolved metals across the South Pacific Ocean , 2015, Nature.

[25]  K. Hand,et al.  Europa's surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride , 2015 .

[26]  Paul D. Feldman,et al.  The search for a subsurface ocean in Ganymede with Hubble Space Telescope observations of its auroral ovals , 2015 .

[27]  H. Dahle,et al.  Energy landscapes shape microbial communities in hydrothermal systems on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge , 2015, The ISME Journal.

[28]  J. Mcdermott,et al.  The origin of methanethiol in midocean ridge hydrothermal fluids , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[29]  Karthik Anantharaman,et al.  Evidence for hydrogen oxidation and metabolic plasticity in widespread deep-sea sulfur-oxidizing bacteria , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[30]  M. Lilley,et al.  Hydrogen-limited growth of hyperthermophilic methanogens at deep-sea hydrothermal vents , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[31]  J. Gutt,et al.  Semi-Automated Image Analysis for the Assessment of Megafaunal Densities at the Arctic Deep-Sea Observatory HAUSGARTEN , 2012, PloS one.

[32]  N. Gracias,et al.  Quantifying diffuse and discrete venting at the Tour Eiffel vent site, Lucky Strike hydrothermal field , 2012 .

[33]  David A. Pearce,et al.  The Discovery of New Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities in the Southern Ocean and Implications for Biogeography , 2012, PLoS biology.

[34]  T. Pichler,et al.  Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the PACMANUS, Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea , 2022 .

[35]  C. Young,et al.  Biogeography, ecology, and vulnerability of chemosynthetic ecosystems in the deep sea , 2010 .

[36]  M. Lilley,et al.  Discovery of a black smoker vent field and vent fauna at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge , 2010, Nature communications.

[37]  W. Martin,et al.  Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life , 2008, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[38]  Hanumant Singh,et al.  Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean , 2008, Nature.

[39]  P. Legendre,et al.  Biogeographic relationships among deep-sea hydrothermal vent faunas at global scale , 2008 .

[40]  Christopher F Chyba,et al.  Energy, chemical disequilibrium, and geological constraints on Europa. , 2007, Astrobiology.

[41]  T. Shank,et al.  Biodiversity and biogeography of hydrothermal vent species : thirty years of discovery and investigations , 2007 .

[42]  C. Langmuir,et al.  Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor generation at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean , 2003, Nature.

[43]  C. Langmuir,et al.  Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge in the Arctic Ocean , 2003, Nature.

[44]  Lisa M. Clough,et al.  Meiobenthos of the central Arctic Ocean with special emphasis on the nematode community structure , 2000 .

[45]  Cindy Lee Van Dover,et al.  The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents , 2000 .

[46]  E. Baker,et al.  Hydrothermal activity along the southwest Indian ridge , 1998, Nature.

[47]  E. Baker,et al.  The relationship between near-axis hydrothermal cooling and the spreading rate of mid-ocean ridges , 1996 .

[48]  David L. Williams,et al.  Submarine Thermal Springs on the Gal�pagos Rift , 1979, Science.

[49]  C. Sotin,et al.  Ocean System Science to Inform the Exploration of Ocean Worlds , 2022, Oceanography.

[50]  Autun Purser,et al.  Ocean Floor Observation and Bathymetry System (OFOBS): A New Towed Camera/Sonar System for Deep-Sea Habitat Surveys , 2019, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[51]  S. Arnaud-Haondb,et al.  Scientific rationale and international obligations for protection of active hydrothermal vent ecosystems from deep-sea mining , 2018 .

[52]  C. German,et al.  Exploring ocean worlds on Earth and beyond , 2017, Nature Geoscience.

[53]  R. Stein.  The Expedition PS87 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the Arctic Ocean in 2014 , 2015 .

[54]  Kenneth W. Doherty,et al.  A new gas-tight isobaric sampler for hydrothermal fluids , 2002 .