Assessing the degradation performance of ultrahigh-purity magnesium in vitro and in vivo

The biodegradation of ultrahigh-purity Mg (XHP Mg, Fe approximate to 2 ppm) was tested in vitro in NaHCO3/CO2-buffered simulated body fluid and in vivo in the femur of rats. The in vitro degradation rate, which was evaluated using an also here described newly designed hydrogen evolution testing setup, is with approximate to 10 +/- 3 mu m/y very low and shows very good agreement with in vivo data. The results for XHP Mg are also compared with in vitro tests on high-purity Mg (Few approximate to 37 ppm) in the as-cast and annealed states. The less pure specimens exhibit significantly higher degradation rates due to the formation of Fe-containing precipitates during casting and annealing.

[1]  P. Uggowitzer,et al.  High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Mg–Zn–Ca Alloys with Excellent Biodegradation Performance , 2014 .

[2]  Tim B F Woodfield,et al.  Buffer-regulated biocorrosion of pure magnesium , 2012, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[3]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  An Hydrogen Evolution Method for the Estimation of the Corrosion Rate of Magnesium Alloys , 2013 .

[4]  Alexis M Pietak,et al.  Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[5]  G. Song,et al.  Understanding Magnesium Corrosion—A Framework for Improved Alloy Performance , 2003 .

[6]  G. Song,et al.  Corrosion mechanisms of magnesium alloys , 1999 .

[7]  Wei Ke,et al.  Review of studies on corrosion of magnesium alloys , 2006 .

[8]  K. Nielsen.  Corrosion o metallic implants , 1984 .

[9]  K. Nielsen.  Corrosion of metallic implants , 1987 .

[10]  Edward Ghali,et al.  Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys , 2011 .

[11]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Corrosion mechanism applicable to biodegradable magnesium implants , 2011 .

[12]  P. Uggowitzer,et al.  On the Immersion Testing of Degradable Implant Materials in Simulated Body Fluid: Active pH Regulation Using CO2 , 2013 .

[13]  A. Schumpe,et al.  The estimation of gas solubilities in salt solutions , 1993 .

[14]  B. Hensel,et al.  Impact of microgalvanic corrosion on the degradation morphology of WE43 and pure magnesium under exposure to simulated body fluid , 2012 .

[15]  G. Song,et al.  Corrosion of ultra-high-purity Mg in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2 , 2013 .

[16]  Frank Witte,et al.  Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion , 2008 .

[17]  F. Müller,et al.  Preparation of SBF with different HCO3- content and its influence on the composition of biomimetic apatites. , 2006, Acta biomaterialia.

[18]  R. Tunold,et al.  The corrosion of magnesium in aqueous solution containing chloride ions , 1977 .

[19]  Nick Birbilis,et al.  A survey of bio-corrosion rates of magnesium alloys , 2010 .

[20]  P. Uggowitzer,et al.  On the in vitro and in vivo degradation performance and biological response of new biodegradable Mg-Y-Zn alloys. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[21]  M. Liu,et al.  Calculated phase diagrams and the corrosion of die-cast Mg–Al alloys , 2009 .

[22]  M. Dargusch,et al.  Influence of microstructure on the corrosion of diecast AZ91D , 1998 .

[23]  A. Atrens,et al.  An innovative specimen configuration for the study of Mg corrosion , 2011 .

[24]  Sannakaisa Virtanen,et al.  Biodegradable Mg and Mg alloys: Corrosion and biocompatibility , 2011 .

[25]  P. Uggowitzer,et al.  MgZnCa glasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution for biodegradable implants. , 2009, Nature materials.

[26]  P. Uggowitzer,et al.  Magnesium alloys for temporary implants in osteosynthesis: in vivo studies of their degradation and interaction with bone. , 2012, Acta biomaterialia.

[27]  V. I. Baranenko,et al.  Solubility of hydrogen in water in a broad temperature and pressure range , 1989 .

[28]  J. Hillis,et al.  Controlling the Salt Water Corrosion Performance of Magnesium AZ91 Alloy , 1985 .

[29]  F. Cheng,et al.  Effect of pH on the in vitro corrosion rate of magnesium degradable implant material , 2010 .

[30]  P. Uggowitzer,et al.  On the biodegradation performance of an Mg-Y-RE alloy with various surface conditions in simulated body fluid. , 2009, Acta biomaterialia.

[31]  N Birbilis,et al.  Assessing the corrosion of biodegradable magnesium implants: a critical review of current methodologies and their limitations. , 2012, Acta biomaterialia.

[32]  Darren J. Martin,et al.  Corrosion of high purity Mg, Mg2Zn0.2Mn, ZE41 and AZ91 in Hank’s solution at 37 °C , 2011 .

[33]  Frank Witte,et al.  The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: a review. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[34]  Yu‐Chan Kim,et al.  Effects of impurities on the biodegradation behavior of pure magnesium , 2009 .