Waste heat energy harvesting using the Olsen cycle on 0.945Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3– 0.055PbTiO3 single crystals

This paper reports on direct thermal to electrical energy conversion by performing the Olsen (or Ericsson) cycle on [001]-poled 0:945PbZn1=3Nb2=3O3‐0:055PbTiO3 (PZN-5.5PT) single crystals. The cycle consists of two isothermal and two constant electric field processes. The energy density was found to decrease with increasing cycle frequency while the power density increased. The maximum energy density obtained was 150 J=l=cycle for temperatures between 100 and 190 C and electric field between 0 and 1:2 MV m 1 at frequency 0.034 Hz. The maximum power density reached 11:7 W l 1 at 0.1 Hz for temperatures between 100 and 190 C and electric fields between 0.2 and 1:5 MV m 1 . Moreover, the dielectric constant and saturation polarization of PZN-5.5PT are reported for the first time at 0.1 Hz for temperatures between 100 and 190 C. Finally, the experimental results agree relatively well with predictions by a recently developed temperature-dependent property model already validated with PMN-32PT. Inter-sample variability and sample durability are also discussed. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)

[1]  Thomas R. Shrout,et al.  Temperature dependence of electrostriction in rhombohedral Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystals , 2002 .

[2]  P. Woias,et al.  A self-sustaining pyroelectric energy harvester utilizing spatial thermal gradients , 2011, 2011 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference.

[3]  D. Guyomar,et al.  Nonlinear pyroelectric energy harvesting from relaxor single crystals , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[4]  Xiangyong Zhao,et al.  Structural phase transition and physical properties of tetragonal 0.85Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.15PbTiO3 single crystals , 2009 .

[5]  D. Guyomar,et al.  Electromechanical properties versus polarization and vibration directions of Pb((Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.955Ti0.045)O3 single crystals grown by the modified Bridgman method , 2007 .

[6]  R. Olsen,et al.  Ferroelectric Conversion of Heat to Electrical EnergyA Demonstration , 1982 .

[7]  Laurent Pilon,et al.  Pyroelectric energy harvesting using Olsen cycles in purified and porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] thin films , 2011 .

[8]  Panos G. Datskos,et al.  Development of MEMS based pyroelectric thermal energy harvesters , 2011, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[9]  K. Knight,et al.  Phase transitions in PZN–4.5%PT in the range 4.2–450 K , 2006 .

[10]  J. Briscoe,et al.  Cascaded pyroelectric energy converter , 1984 .

[11]  O. P. Thakur,et al.  Dielectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of PMN–PT (68:32) system , 2004 .

[12]  I. Guedes,et al.  Phase diagram of the relaxor (1−x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 investigated by dielectric and Raman spectroscopies , 2004 .

[13]  W. Cao,et al.  Investigation of dipolar defects in (1−x)Pb(Zn1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–xPbTiO3 single crystals using different poling methods , 2007 .

[14]  Ping Yang,et al.  Phase transformations in poled PZN-4.5%PT single crystal revealed by combined property measurements and high-resolution diffraction technique , 2008 .

[15]  W. Cao,et al.  Elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties of 0.955Pb(Zn/sub 1/3/Nb/sub 2/3/)O/sub 3/-0.45PbTiO/sub 3/ single crystal with designed multidomains , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[16]  Laurent Pilon,et al.  The pyroelectric energy harvesting capabilities of PMN–PT near the morphotropic phase boundary , 2011 .

[17]  B. K. Mukherjee,et al.  Piezoelectric properties and phase transitions of 〈001〉-oriented Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystals , 2002 .

[18]  Y. Ishibashi,et al.  Piezoelectric Properties of Relaxor Ferroelectric Solid Solution Single Crystals PMN-PT and PZN-PT Near MPB Under Pressures , 2007 .

[19]  Laurent Pilon,et al.  Pyroelectric energy converter using co-polymer P(VDF-TrFE) and Olsen cycle for waste heat energy harvesting , 2010 .

[20]  R. B. Olsen,et al.  High efficieincy direct conversion of heat to electrical energy-related pyroelectric measurements , 1982 .

[21]  Zhenrong Li,et al.  Thermal Expansion Characteristics In [001]-Oriented PMN-0.32PT Single Crystals , 2007 .

[22]  Ronald S. Fearing,et al.  Development of PZT and PZN-PT based unimorph actuators for micromechanical flapping mechanisms , 2001, Proceedings 2001 ICRA. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.01CH37164).

[23]  S. Pruvost,et al.  Thermal energy harvesting from Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.955Ti0.045O3 single crystals phase transitions , 2009 .

[24]  Matthew J. Davis,et al.  Temperature dependence of the direct piezoelectric effect in relaxor-ferroelectric single crystals: Intrinsic and extrinsic contributions , 2006 .

[25]  G. Samara.  Ferroelectricity revisited—Advances in materials and physics , 2001 .

[26]  M. Ozgul.  POLARIZATION SWITCHING AND FATIGUE ANISOTROPY IN RELAXOR-LEAD TITANATE FERROELECTRIC SINGLE CRYSTALS , 2003 .

[27]  Zhenrong Li,et al.  Dielectric/ferroelectric response and phase transition of PMN0.32PT single crystal , 2002 .

[28]  Ashok Kumar Pandey,et al.  Performance of an AuPd micromechanical resonator as a temperature sensor , 2010 .

[29]  Laurent Pilon,et al.  Improved Pyroelectric Energy Converter for Waste Heat Energy Harvesting Using Co-Polymer P(VDF-TrFE) and Olsen Cycle , 2010 .

[30]  William F. Butler,et al.  A pyroelectric energy converter which employs regeneration , 1981 .

[31]  A. M. Glass,et al.  Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials , 1977 .

[32]  M. Thi,et al.  Electric-field-induced orthorhombic phase in Pb[(Zn1∕3Nb2∕3)0.955Ti0.045]O3 single crystals , 2005 .

[33]  M. J. Moran,et al.  Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics (5th edition) , 2006 .

[34]  Laurent Pilon,et al.  Harvesting nanoscale thermal radiation using pyroelectric materials , 2010 .

[35]  Laurent Pilon,et al.  Pyroelectric waste heat energy harvesting using heat conduction , 2012 .

[36]  R. Kumar,et al.  New high temperature polymer thin coating for power electronics , 2004, Nineteenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004. APEC '04..

[37]  V. Ferrari,et al.  Thermal energy harvesting through pyroelectricity , 2010 .

[38]  Christopher S. Lynch,et al.  Application of a Classical Lamination Theory Model to the Design of Piezoelectric Composite Unimorph Actuators , 2006 .