Prevalence rates of Giardia and Cryptosporidium among diarrheic patients in the Philippines.

The prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium among 3,456 diarrheic patients corrected from May 2004 to May 2005 in the Philippines was determined. Of 133 (3.8%) positive samples, 69 (2.0%) were positive for Giardia and 67 (1.9%) for Cryptosporidium. Three samples had co-infection with Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Luzon had the highest positive samples (5.0%) followed by Mindanao (4.9%), then Visayas (2.2%). Giardia was most prevalent in Mindanao (3.6%) while Cryptosporidium was most prevalent in Luzon (3.1%). The prevalence of Giardia (2.0%) among pediatric patients (0-18 years) did not significantly differ from that (1.9%) among adults (> 18 years old). However, for Cryptosporidium, the prevalence (2.9%) among pediatric patients was significantly higher compared to that (0.2%) among adult patients. In the pediatric population, the highest percentage of patients with Giardia was the 5-9 year old age group, while that of Cryptosporidium was in the 0-4 year old group. The prevalence of Giardia, but not Cryptosporidium, was significantly higher in male than female adults. Seasonality had a distinct peak in September with Cryptosporidium more prevalent in the rainy (2.6%) than dry season (0.9%).

[1]  P. Rivera,et al.  Serological detection of cryptosporidiosis among Filipino cancer patients , 2005, Parasitology Research.

[2]  W. Rivera,et al.  Prevalence and genetic diversity of Entamoeba histolytica in an institution for the mentally retarded in the Philippines , 2005, Parasitology Research.

[3]  H. Kong,et al.  Infection status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila, the Philippines. , 2004, The Korean journal of parasitology.

[4]  G. Nichols,et al.  Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Cryptosporidium Infection in Immunocompromised Patients , 2002, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[5]  Corazon M. Cerdena,et al.  2001 UPDATING OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF FILIPINO CHILDREN AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL , 2001 .

[6]  T. Yong,et al.  A small-scale survey of intestinal parasite infections among children and adolescents in Legaspi city, the Philippines. , 2000, The Korean journal of parasitology.

[7]  W. Rivera,et al.  Field study on the distribution of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in the northern Philippines as detected by the polymerase chain reaction. , 1998, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[8]  C R Sterling,et al.  Waterborne protozoan pathogens , 1997, Clinical microbiology reviews.

[9]  R. Pinner,et al.  Emerging Infectious Diseases in the United States: Improved Surveillance, a Requisite for Prevention , 1994, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[10]  R. Berkelman.  Emerging infectious diseases in the United States, 1993. , 1994, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[11]  D. Menorca,et al.  Statistical analysis of clinical, immunological and nutritional factors in pediatric cryptosporidiosis in the Philippines. , 1994, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[12]  C. Hart,et al.  Non-bacterial diarrhoea in children in the Philippines. , 1994, Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology.

[13]  T. Hart.  Diarrheas among Filipino infants and children: clinical and laboratory correlations , 1993 .

[14]  C. Auer.  Health status of children living in a squatter area of Manila, Philippines, with particular emphasis on intestinal parasitoses. , 1990, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[15]  D. Menorca,et al.  Immune response to cryptosporidiosis in Philippine children. , 1990, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[16]  J. Cross,et al.  Two-year survey of etiologic agents of diarrheal disease at San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Republic of the Philippines , 1987, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[17]  V. Thamlikitkul,et al.  Cryptosporidiosis in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. , 1987, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[18]  J. Cross,et al.  Cryptosporidiosis in Philippine children. , 1985, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[19]  J. Cross,et al.  Intestinal parasites of man in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines, with emphasis on schistosomiasis. , 1981, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[20]  J. Cross,et al.  Intestinal parasites of man in Bukidnon, Philippines, with emphasis on schistosomiasis. , 1981, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[21]  J. Cross,et al.  Intestinal parasites of man in Northern Bohol, Philippines, with emphasis on schistosomiasis. , 1980, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[22]  H. Dupont,et al.  Etiology of gastroenteritis among Americans living in the Philippines. , 1979, American journal of epidemiology.

[23]  J. Cross,et al.  Biomedical survey in North Samar Province, Philippine Islands. , 1977, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.