Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties

We summarize procedures for producing 'nanoemulsions' comprised of nanoscale droplets, methods for controlling the droplet size distribution and composition, and interesting physical properties of nanoemulsions. In contrast to more common microscale emulsions, nanoemulsions exhibit optical transparency at high droplet volume fractions, , surprisingly strong elasticity at low , and enhanced diffusive transport and shelf stability. For these reasons, nanoemulsions have great potential in a wide range of industries including pharmaceuticals, foods, and personal care products.

[1]  F. K. Hansen,et al.  Particle nucleation in emulsion polymerization. IV. Nucleation in monomer droplets , 1979 .

[2]  R. Roe,et al.  Methods of X-ray and Neutron Scattering in Polymer Science , 2000 .

[3]  M. Lacasse,et al.  Osmotic pressure and viscoelastic shear moduli of concentrated emulsions , 1997 .

[4]  L. G. Leal,et al.  Flow induced coalescence of drops in a viscous fluid , 2002 .

[5]  J. Bibette Depletion interactions and fractionated crystal-lization for polydisperse emulsion purification , 1991 .

[6]  Uwe Schaflinger,et al.  Centrifugal separation of a mixture , 1990 .

[7]  Jérôme Bibette,et al.  Emulsions: basic principles , 1999 .

[8]  D. Wasan,et al.  Dynamic Film and Interfacial Tensions in Emulsion and Foam Systems , 1997, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[9]  Andrew Michael Kraynik,et al.  Foam Structure: From Soap Froth to Solid Foams , 2003 .

[10]  James G. Berryman,et al.  Random close packing of hard spheres and disks , 1983 .

[11]  R. G. Cox,et al.  Breakup of extending liquid threads , 1975 .

[12]  P. Meakin,et al.  Universal diffusion-limited colloid aggregation , 1990 .

[13]  L. Sander,et al.  Diffusion-limited aggregation, a kinetic critical phenomenon , 1981 .

[14]  D. Weaire,et al.  A counter-example to Kelvin's conjecture on minimal surfaces , 1994 .

[15]  P. Pusey,et al.  Phase behaviour of concentrated suspensions of nearly hard colloidal spheres , 1986, Nature.

[16]  D A Weitz,et al.  Multiple Light-Scattering Probes of Foam Structure and Dynamics , 1991, Science.

[17]  D. Stamenović A MODEL OF FOAM ELASTICITY BASED UPON THE LAWS OF PLATEAU , 1991 .

[18]  D. Weitz,et al.  Yielding and flow of monodisperse emulsions , 1996 .

[19]  Andreas Acrivos,et al.  Long slender drops in a simple shear flow , 1980, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[20]  P. Becher,et al.  Emulsions: Theory and Practice , 1957 .

[21]  P. Rai,et al.  Shear-induced elastification of concentrated emulsions probed by sinusoidal amplitude variation rheometry , 2003 .

[22]  Vittorio Cristini,et al.  Effect of inertia on drop breakup under shear , 2001 .

[23]  The fluid dynamics of foams , 2003 .

[24]  Neil W. Ashcroft,et al.  Structure and Resistivity of Liquid Metals , 1966 .

[25]  Johan Sjöblom,et al.  Emulsions and emulsion stability , 1996 .

[26]  Andrea J Liu,et al.  Random packings of frictionless particles. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[27]  D. Reinelt,et al.  Structure of random monodisperse foam. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[28]  Andrea J. Liu,et al.  Nonlinear dynamics: Jamming is not just cool any more , 1998, Nature.

[29]  H. Stone,et al.  Formation of dispersions using “flow focusing” in microchannels , 2003 .

[30]  Drew Myers,et al.  Surfaces, interfaces, and colloids , 1991 .

[31]  Geoffrey Ingram Taylor,et al.  The formation of emulsions in definable fields of flow , 1934 .

[32]  K. Migler,et al.  String formation in sheared polymer blends: coalescence, breakup, and finite size effects. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[33]  F. Stillinger,et al.  Improving the Density of Jammed Disordered Packings Using Ellipsoids , 2004, Science.

[34]  Elizabeth M. Slayter,et al.  Light and electron microscopy , 1992 .

[35]  M. Y. Lin,et al.  Effective structure factor of osmotically deformed nanoemulsions. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[36]  Lacasse,et al.  Deformation of small compressed droplets. , 1996, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[37]  Roux,et al.  Depletion interactions and fluid-solid equilibrium in emulsions. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[38]  J. Ferry Viscoelastic properties of polymers , 1961 .

[39]  D. Reinelt,et al.  Simple shearing flow of a dry Kelvin soap foam , 1996, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[40]  P. Poulin,et al.  Viscous sintering phenomena in liquid-liquid dispersions. , 2000, Physical review letters.

[41]  Thomas G. Mason,et al.  New fundamental concepts in emulsion rheology , 1999 .

[42]  Mason,et al.  Linear viscoelasticity of colloidal hard sphere suspensions near the glass transition. , 1995, Physical review letters.

[43]  I. R. Mcdonald,et al.  Theory of simple liquids , 1998 .

[44]  H. V. Hulst Light Scattering by Small Particles , 1957 .

[45]  J. Vanderhoff,et al.  Polymerization of styrene miniemulsions , 1985 .

[46]  Julio M. Ottino,et al.  Breakup of liquid threads in linear flows , 1987 .

[47]  Thomas G. Mason,et al.  Shear Rupturing of Droplets in Complex Fluids , 1997 .

[48]  Mohamed S. El-Aasser,et al.  Emulsion polymerization and emulsion polymers , 1997 .

[49]  Andrew M. Kraynik,et al.  Linear Elastic Behavior of Dry Soap Foams , 1996 .

[50]  M. Y. Lin,et al.  Extreme emulsification: formation and structure of nanoemulsions , 2006 .

[51]  D. Durian,et al.  Relaxing in foam. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[52]  M. Y. Lin,et al.  Dense cluster formation during aggregation and gelation of attractive slippery nanoemulsion droplets. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[53]  Witten,et al.  Stability criteria for emulsions. , 1992, Physical review letters.

[54]  S. Chandrasekhar Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability , 1961 .

[55]  P. Poulin,et al.  Structure of adhesive emulsions , 1993 .

[56]  Thomas G. Mason,et al.  Formation of Concentrated Nanoemulsions by Extreme Shear , 2004 .

[57]  P. Taylor Ostwald ripening in emulsions: estimation of solution thermodynamics of the disperse phase. , 2003, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[58]  R. Bird Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids , 1977 .

[59]  J. M. Rallison The Deformation of Small Viscous Drops and Bubbles in Shear Flows , 1984 .

[60]  T. M. Tsai,et al.  Tip streaming from a drop in the presence of surfactants. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[61]  H. Stone,et al.  An accurate von Neumann's law for three-dimensional foams. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[62]  D. Roux,et al.  Effect of shear on a lyotropic lamellar phase , 1993 .

[63]  Underwood,et al.  Glass transition in colloidal hard spheres: Measurement and mode-coupling-theory analysis of the coherent intermediate scattering function. , 1994, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[64]  Charles S. Johnson,et al.  Laser Light Scattering , 1995 .

[65]  D. Reinelt,et al.  Structure of random foam. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[66]  Smith,et al.  Structure of aggregated gold colloids. , 1986, Physical review letters.

[67]  S. Quake,et al.  Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale , 2005 .

[68]  Model for the elasticity of compressed emulsions. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[69]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Self-Assembly at All Scales , 2002, Science.

[70]  Rj Baxter,et al.  Ornstein-Zernike relation for a disordered fluid , 1968 .

[71]  Thomas M Truskett,et al.  Is random close packing of spheres well defined? , 2000, Physical review letters.

[72]  Fumio Oosawa,et al.  On Interaction between Two Bodies Immersed in a Solution of Macromolecules , 1954 .

[73]  C. Silebi,et al.  Miniemulsion polymerization—a comparative study of preparative variables , 1991 .

[74]  T. Lubensky,et al.  Principles of condensed matter physics , 1995 .

[75]  J. D. BERNAL,et al.  Packing of Spheres: Co-ordination of Randomly Packed Spheres , 1960, Nature.

[76]  David A. Weitz,et al.  Diffusing-wave-spectroscopy measurements of viscoelasticity of complex fluids , 1997 .

[77]  V. Cristini,et al.  Scalings for fragments produced from drop breakup in shear flow with inertia , 2001 .

[78]  T. Tlusty,et al.  Microemulsion networks: the onset of bicontinuity , 2000 .

[79]  Mason,et al.  Elasticity of Compressed Emulsions. , 1995, Physical review letters.

[80]  L. Sander Diffusion-limited aggregation: A kinetic critical phenomenon? , 2000 .

[81]  P. Becher,et al.  Encyclopedia of emulsion technology , 1983 .

[82]  M. Y. Lin,et al.  Structure of concentrated nanoemulsions. , 2005, The Journal of chemical physics.

[83]  H. Reiss Entropy-induced dispersion of bulk liquids , 1975 .

[84]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Polyaddition in miniemulsions: A new route to polymer dispersions. , 2000 .

[85]  D. A. Saville,et al.  Colloidal Dispersions: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS , 1989 .

[86]  Perspectives on foam drainage and the influence of interfacial rheology , 2003 .

[87]  Pusey,et al.  Observation of a glass transition in suspensions of spherical colloidal particles. , 1987, Physical review letters.

[88]  Mason,et al.  Emulsification in Viscoelastic Media. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[89]  Lionel M. Raff,et al.  Principles of Physical Chemistry , 2001 .