Modelling faecal coliform dynamics in streams and rivers

Abstract A series of field experiments are reported which have provided empirical evidence to improve the understanding of faecal coliform entrainment mechanisms within stream channels. A new conceptual model of faecal coliform dynamics is proposed and preliminary modelling results presented. The model is based on the assumption that the entrainment and deposition of organisms from storage within the stream bed is governed by the relationship between flow and the channel bed. The organisms are assumed to be associated with particulates of low settling velocity. Channel bed storage is modelled by a series of longitudinal sub-store units which are sequentially accessed as flow rises, each store unit is rapidly depleted of organisms after the onset of entrainment. Deposition to sub-stores where entrainment is not occurring is assumed to occur at a constant rate. Further investigations are required to confirm the results and examine the application of the model to natural flow events or alternative determinands.

[1]  L. A. Allen,et al.  Some chemical and bacterial characteristics of bottom deposits from lakes and estuaries , 1953, Journal of Hygiene.

[2]  M. Kress,et al.  FECAL COLIFORM RELEASE FROM CATTLE FECAL DEPOSITS , 1984 .

[3]  C. Hunter,et al.  Seasonal changes in the sanitary bacterial quality of water draining a small upland catchment in the yorkshire dales , 1991 .

[4]  D. Kay,et al.  Modelling faecal coliform concentrations in streams , 1995 .

[5]  J. Peixoto,et al.  Physics of climate , 1992 .

[6]  Andrew Chadwick,et al.  Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering , 1993 .

[7]  J. Fleisher,et al.  Obtaining precise estimates in coliform enumeration , 1980 .

[8]  Adrian McDonald,et al.  Reduction of coliform bacteria in two upland reservoirs: The significance of distance decay relationships , 1980 .

[9]  F. A. Johnson.  Stream temperatures in an Alpine area , 1971 .

[10]  M. Pommepuy,et al.  Enteric Bacteria Survival Factors , 1992 .

[11]  W. Graf.  Hydraulics of Sediment Transport , 1984 .

[12]  G. K. Bissonnette,et al.  In situ persistence of indicator bacteria in streams polluted with acid mine drainage , 1983 .

[13]  J. Gannon,et al.  Fecal coliform disappearance in a river impoundment , 1983 .

[14]  D. Kay,et al.  The Application of Water-Quality Standards to UK Bathing Waters , 1990 .

[15]  J. W. Robbins,et al.  Stream pollution from animal production units. , 1972, Journal - Water Pollution Control Federation.

[16]  E. Sparrow,et al.  Fecal indicator bacteria persistence under natural conditions in an ice-covered river , 1976, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[17]  S. Kunkle.  Sources and Transport of Bacterial Indicators in Rural Streams , 1970 .

[18]  M. Lighthill,et al.  On kinematic waves I. Flood movement in long rivers , 1955, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[19]  W. Mack.  Total Coliform Bacteria , 1977 .

[20]  A. M. Saatçi,et al.  Bacterial Die-Off in Waste Stabilization Ponds , 1987 .

[21]  J. L. Mahloch.  Comparative analysis of modeling techniques for coliform organisms in streams. , 1974, Applied microbiology.

[22]  R. Berndtsson.  Transport and sedimentation of pollutants in a river reach: A chemical mass balance approach. , 1990 .

[23]  Canale Rp,et al.  Water quality models for total coliform. , 1973 .

[24]  P. Singleton,et al.  Dictionary of microbiology , 1978 .

[25]  A. Tóth,et al.  Some effects of land use on bacteriological water quality in a recreational lake , 1982 .

[26]  M. Hornung,et al.  The role of geology and soils in controlling surface water acidity in Wales , 1990 .

[27]  Wayne C. Huber,et al.  Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis , 1989 .

[28]  B. Osborne,et al.  Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems. , 1985 .

[29]  Kim N. Irvine,et al.  Impact of a ship passage on bacteria levels and suspended sediment characteristics in the Buffalo River, New York , 1996 .

[30]  R. F. Donnelly.  Solar UV Spectral Irradiance Variations , 1991 .

[31]  B. Henderson-Sellers,et al.  Water quality models: rivers and reservoirs , 1990 .

[32]  James A. Moore,et al.  Resuspending Organisms from a Rangeland Stream Bottom , 1988 .

[33]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Comparative study of E. coli survival in two aquatic ecosystems , 1976 .

[34]  P. Bliss,et al.  Bacterial (Total Coliform) Die-Off in Maturation Ponds , 1991 .

[35]  D. Kay,et al.  An Assessment of the Impact of Inland Surface Water Input to the Bacteriological Quality of Coastal Waters , 1994 .

[36]  Geoffrey Ingram Taylor,et al.  The dispersion of matter in turbulent flow through a pipe , 1954, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[37]  D. Nuttall,et al.  The effect of environmental factors on coliphages in the Welsh River Dee , 1987 .

[38]  H. Chick,et al.  An Investigation of the Laws of Disinfection , 1908, Journal of Hygiene.

[39]  George M. Hornberger,et al.  Bacterial transport in porous media: Evaluation of a model using laboratory observations , 1992 .

[40]  F. Henderson.  Open channel flow , 1966 .

[41]  Darwin L. Sorensen,et al.  Clostridium perfringens as a point source indicator in non-point polluted streams , 1989 .

[42]  D Kay,et al.  Generation of fecal and total coliform surges by stream flow manipulation in the absence of normal hydrometeorological stimuli , 1982, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[43]  D. Kay,et al.  Predicting coliform concentrations in upland impoundments: design and calibration of a multivariate model , 1983, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[44]  Daniel J. Gould,et al.  Gull droppings and their effects on water quality , 1978 .

[45]  J. Buck,et al.  Pollution indicators and other microorganisms in river sediment. , 1978, Journal - Water Pollution Control Federation.

[46]  H. Gary,et al.  Indicator bacteria in water and stream sediments near the snowy range in Southern Wyoming , 1985 .

[47]  A. J. Jakeman,et al.  A new method of rainfall-runoff modelling and its applications in catchment hydrology. , 1994 .

[48]  E. Geldreich,et al.  Seasonal Variations in Survival of Indicator Bacteria in Soil and Their Contribution to Storm-water Pollution. , 1967, Applied microbiology.

[49]  Martin T. Auer,et al.  Modeling fecal coliform bacteria—I. Field and laboratory determination of loss kinetics , 1993 .

[50]  G. Bitton.  Introduction to environmental virology , 1980 .

[51]  A. Jakeman,et al.  Computation of the instantaneous unit hydrograph and identifiable component flows with application to two small upland catchments , 1990 .

[52]  J. W. Elder.  The dispersion of marked fluid in turbulent shear flow , 1959, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[53]  K. Hoagland,et al.  COLONIZATION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF TWO PERIPHYTON ASSEMBLAGES, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE DIATOMS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) , 1982 .

[54]  K. Beven,et al.  INPUT OF FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA TO AN UPLAND STREAM CHANNEL IN THE YORKSHIRE DALES , 1992 .

[55]  V. T. Chow.  Open-channel hydraulics , 1959 .

[56]  K P Flint,et al.  The long-term survival of Escherichia coli in river water. , 1987, The Journal of applied bacteriology.

[57]  W. Swank,et al.  Fluctuations of naturally occurring populations of enteric bacteria in oligotrophic streams of western North Carolina. , 1977 .

[58]  D. Kay,et al.  A Process Based Model of Faecal Bacterial Levels in Upland Catchments , 1984 .

[59]  G A McFeters,et al.  Survival of coliform bacteria in natural waters: field and laboratory studies with membrane-filter chambers. , 1972, Applied microbiology.

[60]  M. Yavuz Corapcioglu,et al.  Microbial transport in soils and groundwater: A numerical model , 1985 .

[61]  D. Kay,et al.  The effects of catchment land use on stream water quality in an acid-susceptible region of West Wales: the implications for compliance with EC drinking water and fishery directives , 1988 .

[62]  M. A. Faust.  Coliform bacteria from diffuse sources as a factor in estuarine pollution , 1976 .

[63]  O. Ogunkoya,et al.  Variation in suspended sediment concentration during storm discharges in three small streams in upper osun basin, Central Western Nigeria , 1991 .

[64]  Peter C. Young,et al.  Parallel Processes in Hydrology and Water Quality: A Unified Time‐Series Approach , 1992 .

[65]  C. Reynolds.  Seston sedimentation.: Experiments with Lycopodium spores in a closed system , 1979 .

[66]  A. M. Saatçi,et al.  Effect of Pond depth on Bacterial Die-Off , 1987 .

[67]  Peter C. Young,et al.  Time-Series Methods and Recursive Estimation in Hydrological Systems Analysis , 1986 .

[68]  J. Elder.  Indicator bacteria concentrations as affected by hydrologic variables in the Apalachicola river, Florida , 1987 .

[69]  R. White,et al.  Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Soil Science. , 1980 .

[70]  J. Doran,et al.  Bacteriological Quality of Runoff Water from Pastureland , 1979, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[71]  Stuart R. Crane,et al.  Modeling enteric bacterial die-off: A review , 1986 .

[72]  Burm Rj,et al.  Bacteriological comparison between combined and separate sewer discharges in southeastern Michigan. , 1966 .

[73]  P. Young,et al.  Longitudinal Dispersion in Natural Streams , 1983 .

[74]  Edwin E. Geldreich,et al.  APPLYING BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS TO RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY , 1970 .

[75]  J. Craven,et al.  Persistence and distribution of pollution indicator bacteria on land used for disposal of piggery effluent , 1981, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[76]  G. A. Burton,et al.  Survival of pathogenic bacteria in various freshwater sediments , 1987, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[77]  George V. Sabol,et al.  Empirical data on longitudinal dispersion in rivers , 1974 .

[78]  Daniel J. Gould,et al.  Effects of Solar Radiation on the Mortality of Some Terrestrial Bacteria in Sea Water , 1975 .

[79]  Zanoni Ae,et al.  An in situ determination of the disappearance of coliforms in Lake Michigan. , 1978 .

[80]  K. Beven,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE AGGREGATED DEAD ZONE MODEL. , 1989 .

[81]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Flow in river channels: new insights into hydraulic retention , 1991, Archiv für Hydrobiologie.

[82]  H. L. Penman.  Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass , 1948, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[83]  Asaf Pekdeger,et al.  Persistence and transport of bacteria and viruses in groundwater — a conceptual evaluation , 1988 .

[84]  S. M. Morrison,et al.  Multiplication and growth of selected enteric bacteria in clear mountain stream water , 1967 .

[85]  L. Evison.  Comparative Studies on the Survival of Indicator Organisms and Pathogens in Fresh and Sea Water , 1988 .

[86]  D. D. Mara,et al.  Occurrence of Rhodococcus coprophilus and associated actinomycetes in feces, sewage, and freshwater , 1981, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[87]  Hugo B. Fischer,et al.  The Mechanics of Dispersion in Natural Streams , 1967 .

[88]  M. Niemi.  Fecal indicator bacteria at freshwater rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) farms , 1985 .

[89]  Soil bacteria in land-drainage water , 1973 .

[90]  Hunter Rouse,et al.  Elementary mechanics of fluids , 1946 .

[91]  Gordon M. Fair,et al.  Water supply and waste-disposal , 1954 .

[92]  E. Tipping,et al.  Deposition and resuspension of fine particles in a riverine ‘dead zone’ , 1993 .