Energy and Exergy Analyses of the Danish Industry Sector

A detailed analysis of the Danish industry is presented in this paper using the energy and exergy methods. For the 22 most energy-intensive process industries, which represent about 80% of the total primary energy use of the industrial sector, detailed end-use models were created and analysed with data for the years 2006 and 2012. The sectoral energy and exergy losses, as well as the exergy destruction, were further established to quantify the potential for recovering and valorising heat otherwise lost. By also considering transformation processes occurring in the utility sector, the impact of using electricity and district heat in the industry is shown. The exergy efficiencies for each process industry were found to be in the range of 12–56% in 2012. However variations in the efficiencies within the sectors for individual process industries occur, underlining the need for detailed analyses. The exergy losses amounted to 3800TJ for the same year. Meanwhile, the complete exergy losses, including the central production of heat and power, exceeded 8700TJ. This analysis illustrates for the case study of Denmark how waste heat recovery potentials in the industrial sectors are found, by determining the sectors losses and exergy destruction. In addition the importance of applying a system analysis is shown, which corrects the site efficiencies for electricity and district heating use. The use of 22 industries, further highlights differences amongst industries belonging to the same sector.

[1]  Rosemary Norman,et al.  Low grade thermal energy sources and uses from the process industry in the UK , 2012 .

[2]  Dengjia Wang,et al.  Energy and exergy utilizations of the Chinese urban residential sector , 2014 .

[3]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Exergetic life cycle assessment of hydrogen production from renewables , 2007 .

[4]  Arif Hepbasli,et al.  A review on analyzing and evaluating the energy utilization efficiency of countries , 2007 .

[5]  Wojciech Stanek,et al.  Depletion of the non-renewable natural exergy resources as a measure of the ecological cost , 2002 .

[6]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Energy and Exergy Use in Residential Sector of Saudi Arabia , 2004 .

[7]  Jan Szargut,et al.  Chemical exergies of the elements , 1989 .

[8]  Geoffrey P. Hammond,et al.  Industrial energy analysis, thermodynamics and sustainability , 2007 .

[9]  Black.  Power Plant Engineering , 2005 .

[10]  Ivar S. Ertesvåg,et al.  Exergy analysis of the Norwegian society , 2000 .

[11]  Rene Cornelissen,et al.  The value of the exergetic life cycle assessment besides the LCA , 2002 .

[12]  Göran Wall,et al.  EXERGY USE IN THE SWEDISH SOCIETY 1994 , 1997 .

[13]  M. Shekarchian,et al.  Energy and exergy utilization efficiencies and emission performance of Canadian transportation sector, 1990-2035 , 2014 .

[14]  Arif Hepbasli,et al.  Turkey's sectoral energy and exergy analysis between 1999 and 2000 , 2004 .

[15]  Geoffrey P. Hammond,et al.  Heat recovery opportunities in UK industry , 2014 .

[16]  Arif Hepbasli,et al.  Modeling of Sectoral Energy and Exergy Utilization , 2005 .

[17]  Arif Hepbasli,et al.  Energetic and exergetic assessment of the industrial sector at varying dead (reference) state temperatures : A review with an illustrative example , 2008 .

[18]  H. Auracher.  Thermal design and optimization , 1996 .

[19]  H. J. Van Der Kooi,et al.  Exergy and sustainability , 2009 .

[20]  P. Mazzei,et al.  Thermodynamic Analysis and Improvement of Energy Systems , 1989 .

[21]  Patrick E. Phelan,et al.  Energy and exergy utilizations of the U.S. manufacturing sector , 2010 .

[22]  M. M. Hussain,et al.  Energy and exergy use in the industrial sector of Saudi Arabia , 2003 .

[23]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Analysis of sectoral energy and exergy use of Saudi Arabia , 2004 .

[24]  M. A. Rosen,et al.  Evaluation of energy utilization efficiency in Canada using energy and exergy analyses , 1992 .

[25]  Ivar S. Ertesvåg,et al.  Energy, exergy, and extended-exergy analysis of the Norwegian society 2000 , 2005 .

[26]  Bin Su,et al.  Sankey diagram framework for energy and exergy flows , 2014 .

[27]  I. S. Ertesvåg.  Sensitivity of chemical exergy for atmospheric gases and gaseous fuels to variations in ambient conditions , 2007 .

[28]  Josua P. Meyer,et al.  Energy and exergy analyses of energy consumptions in the industrial sector in South Africa , 2007 .

[29]  G. M. Reistad,et al.  AVAILABLE ENERGY CONVERSION AND UTILIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES , 1975 .

[30]  Toshihiko Nakata,et al.  Assessment of energy utilization in Iran’s industrial sector using energy and exergy analysis method , 2012 .

[31]  Geoffrey P. Hammond,et al.  Exergy analysis of the United Kingdom energy system , 2001 .