Time reversal of parametrical driving and the stability of the parametrically excited pendulum

It is well known that the periodic driving of a parametrically excited pendulum can stabilize or destabilize its stationary states, depending upon the frequency, wave form, and amplitude of the parameter modulations. We discuss the effect of time reversal of the periodic driving function for the parametric pendulum at small elongations. Such a time reversal usually leads to different solutions of the equations of motion and to different stability properties of the system. Two interesting exceptions are discussed, and two conditions are formulated for which the character of the solutions of the system is not influenced by a time reversal of the driving function, even though the trajectories of the dynamic variables are different.

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