Routing in ad hoc networks - a wireless perspective

Traditionally, the routing problem is addressed at the network layer, an approach that has been extended to the wireless realm. In wireless multihop networks, however, strict layer-base protocol design leads to substantial inefficiencies. This paper addresses the routing problem for large wireless ad hoc networks from a fundamental point of view, not constrained by particular protocol implementations or layered architectures, but taking into account the properties of the wireless channel. First, an analytical channel model is presented that is based on Rayleigh fading. It demonstrates how noise and interference effects can be separated, and how each interfering transmission affects the packet reception probability. Second, the distribution of node distances in networks with uniformly randomly placed nodes is derived. These two ingredients are used to discuss the benefits of different routing strategies. In particular, short-hop and long-hop routing schemes are compared. Further, cooperative strategies such as multipath routing and cooperative diversity are briefly discussed as techniques that are enabled by the broadcast nature of the wireless channel.

[1]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  An Empirical Study of Epidemic Algorithms in Large Scale Multihop Wireless Networks , 2002 .

[2]  S. Griffis.  EDITOR , 1997, Journal of Navigation.

[3]  Panganamala Ramana Kumar,et al.  RHEINISCH-WESTFÄLISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE AACHEN , 2001 .

[4]  Timothy J. Shepard,et al.  A channel access scheme for large dense packet radio networks , 1996, SIGCOMM '96.

[5]  David A. Maltz,et al.  Lessons from a full-scale multihop wireless ad hoc network testbed , 2001, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[6]  Panganamala Ramana Kumar,et al.  The Number of Neighbors Needed for Connectivity of Wireless Networks , 2004, Wirel. Networks.

[7]  Leonard Kleinrock,et al.  Optimal Transmission Ranges for Randomly Distributed Packet Radio Terminals , 1984, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[8]  Martin Haenggi,et al.  Analysis and design of diversity schemes for ad hoc wireless networks , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[9]  Saurabh Ganeriwal,et al.  Optimizing sensor networks in the energy-density-latency design space , 2002 .

[10]  Limin Hu,et al.  Topology control for multihop packet radio networks , 1993, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[11]  John A. Silvester,et al.  On the Capacity of Multihop Slotted ALOHA Networks with Regular Structure , 1983, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[12]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Ad Hoc Networking , 2001 .

[13]  David Tse,et al.  Mobility increases the capacity of ad-hoc wireless networks , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[14]  Martin Haenggi,et al.  Energy-balancing strategies for wireless sensor networks , 2003, Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2003. ISCAS '03..

[15]  Gregory W. Wornell,et al.  Distributed space-time-coded protocols for exploiting cooperative diversity in wireless networks , 2003, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[16]  Martin Haenggi.  The impact of power amplifier characteristics on routing in random wireless networks , 2003, GLOBECOM '03. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37489).

[17]  Gregory W. Wornell,et al.  Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[18]  Gábor Németh,et al.  Throughput of ideally routed wireless ad hoc networks , 2001, MobiHoc '01.

[19]  R. Dorf,et al.  The handbook of ad hoc wireless networks , 2003 .

[20]  Andrea J. Goldsmith,et al.  Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks , 2002, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[21]  Anthony Ephremides,et al.  Energy concerns in wireless networks , 2002, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[22]  Gregory W. Wornell,et al.  Energy-efficient antenna sharing and relaying for wireless networks , 2000, 2000 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00TH8540).

[23]  Martin Haenggi.  On routing in random Rayleigh fading networks , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[24]  Piyush Gupta,et al.  Critical Power for Asymptotic Connectivity in Wireless Networks , 1999 .

[25]  Paul Malliavin,et al.  Stochastic Analysis , 1997, Nature.

[26]  Hee Yong Youn,et al.  Routing algorithms for balanced energy consumption in ad hoc networks , 2003 .

[27]  Pietro Manzoni,et al.  Determination of Critical Transmission Range in Ad-Hoc Networks , 1999 .

[28]  Chai-Keong Toh,et al.  Ad hoc mobile wireless networks : protocols and systems , 2002 .

[29]  Patrick Thiran,et al.  Connectivity vs capacity in dense ad hoc networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[30]  Devika Subramanian,et al.  An efficient multipath forwarding method , 1998, Proceedings. IEEE INFOCOM '98, the Conference on Computer Communications. Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Gateway to the 21st Century (Cat. No.98.

[31]  Xiaowen Liu,et al.  Throughput bounds and energy consumption of mobile multihop networks , 2004, IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004.

[32]  Zygmunt J. Haas,et al.  Analysis of multipath Routing-Part I: the effect on the packet delivery ratio , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[33]  John A. Silvester,et al.  Maximum number of independent paths and radio connectivity , 1993, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[34]  Patrick Thiran,et al.  Connectivity in ad-hoc and hybrid networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.