Atmospheric Modeling, Data Assimilation, and Predictability

frailty provides a more flexible choice compared with the widely used gamma or stable distributions. The framework adopted is fully Bayesian, and details are provided for the posterior updating steps via MCMC. Finally Chapter 20 deals with the well-studied linear mixed-effects regression formulation, where the random effects are modeled using a class of GSE distributions introduced earlier in Chapter 5. The likelihood inference is implemented via an EM algorithm. Simulation results are presented to assess the performance of the proposed models and methods, followed by an application to a well-known longitudinal study of cholesterol levels. Overall, this is an outstanding monograph on current research on skewelliptical models and its generalizations. Contributed by several experts in this area, the book does an excellent job presenting the depth of methodological research as well as the breath of application regimes. It will clearly be an extremely useful resource for researchers in pursuit of modeling skewness.

[1]  K. Miyakoda,et al.  A method of initialization for dynamical weather forecasting , 1968 .

[2]  A. Kasahara,et al.  Significance of Non-Elliptic Regions in Balanced Flows of the Tropical Atmosphere , 1982 .

[3]  B. V. Leer,et al.  Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. IV. A new approach to numerical convection , 1977 .

[4]  Istvan Szunyogh,et al.  A comparison of Lyapunov and optimal vectors in a low-resolution GCM , 1997 .

[5]  H. Juang,et al.  A spectral fully compressible nonhydrostatic mesoscale model in hydrostatic sigma coordinates: Formulation and preliminary results , 1992 .

[6]  C. Sparrow.  The Lorenz Equations: Bifurcations, Chaos, and Strange Attractors , 1982 .

[7]  D. Durran.  Improving the Anelastic Approximation , 1989 .

[8]  T. Palmer,et al.  Singular Vectors, Metrics, and Adaptive Observations. , 1998 .

[9]  K. Miyakoda,et al.  The Near-Real-Time, Global, Four-Dimensional Analysis Experiment During the GATE Period, Part I , 1976 .

[10]  Antonio Navarra,et al.  GIOTTO: A coupled atmosphere‐ocean general‐circulation model: The tropical Pacific , 2000 .

[11]  William R. Cotton,et al.  A Numerical Investigation of Several Factors Contributing to the Observed Variable Intensity of Deep Convection over South Florida , 1980 .

[12]  Song-You Hong,et al.  The NCEP Regional Spectral Model: An Update , 1997 .

[13]  Jidong Gao,et al.  Application of the Quasi-Inverse Method to Data Assimilation , 2000 .

[14]  Nicole Rostaing,et al.  Automatic differentiation in Odyssée , 1993 .

[15]  John Derber,et al.  An Ocean Analysis System for Seasonal to Interannual Climate Studies , 1995 .

[16]  Z. Pu,et al.  Forecast sensitivity with dropwindsonde data and targeted observations , 1998 .

[17]  F. Giorgi,et al.  Introduction to special section : Regional climate modeling revisited , 1999 .

[18]  P. Smolarkiewicz.  A Fully Multidimensional Positive Definite Advection Transport Algorithm with Small Implicit Diffusion , 1984 .

[19]  Mitchell W. Moncrieff,et al.  The Dynamics and Simulation of Organized Deep Convection , 1983 .

[20]  Stephen J. Lord,et al.  The New Global Operational Analysis System at the National Meteorological Center , 1991 .

[21]  Bertil Gustafsson,et al.  Fourth-order difference methods for hyperbolic IBVPs , 1995 .

[22]  Ragnar Fjørtoft,et al.  On the Changes in the Spectral Distribution of Kinetic Energy for Twodimensional, Nondivergent Flow , 1953 .

[23]  Monique Tanguay,et al.  A Semi-implicit Send-Lagrangian Fully Compressible Regional Forecast Model , 1990 .

[24]  J. Hoke,et al.  The Initialization of Numerical Models by a Dynamic-Initialization Technique , 1976 .

[25]  Akio Arakawa,et al.  Semiprognostic Tests of the Arakawa-Schubert Cumulus Parameterization Using Simulated Data , 1992 .

[26]  C. Rossby.  Relation between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the displacements of the semi-permanent centers of action , 1939 .

[27]  Ian N. James,et al.  Introduction to Circulating Atmospheres , 1994 .

[28]  L. Gandin.  Objective Analysis of Meteorological Fields , 1963 .

[29]  P. R. Julian,et al.  Detection of a 40–50 Day Oscillation in the Zonal Wind in the Tropical Pacific , 1971 .

[30]  F. L. Dimet,et al.  Variational algorithms for analysis and assimilation of meteorological observations: theoretical aspects , 1986 .

[31]  Thomas Kaminski,et al.  Recipes for adjoint code construction , 1998, TOMS.

[32]  Edward N. Lorenz,et al.  Available Potential Energy and the Maintenance of the General Circulation , 1955 .

[33]  David L. Williamson,et al.  Free Oscillations of a Discrete Stratified Fluid with Application to Numerical Weather Prediction , 1972 .

[34]  P. R. Julian,et al.  Description of Global-Scale Circulation Cells in the Tropics with a 40–50 Day Period , 1972 .

[35]  A. White,et al.  On the non-hydrostatic equations in pressure and sigma coordinates , 1984 .

[36]  H. Pan,et al.  Implementing a mass flux convection parameterization package for the NMC medium-range forecast model , 1995 .

[37]  Zavisa Janjic,et al.  The Step-Mountain Coordinate: Physical Package , 1990 .

[38]  Lewis F. Richardson,et al.  Weather Prediction by Numerical Process , 1922 .

[39]  R. Stull.  An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology , 1988 .

[40]  J. M. Lewis,et al.  The use of adjoint equations to solve a variational adjustment problem with advective constraints , 1985 .

[41]  John Derber,et al.  A Global Oceanic Data Assimilation System , 1989 .

[42]  John Derber,et al.  The use of TOVS level‐1b radiances in the NCEP SSI analysis system , 2000 .

[43]  Frederick G. Shuman,et al.  History of Numerical Weather Prediction at the National Meteorological Center , 1989 .

[44]  Michael Ghil,et al.  “Waves” vs. “particles” in the atmosphere's phase space: A pathway to long-range forecasting? , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[45]  Michael Ghil,et al.  Advances in Sequential Estimation for Atmospheric and Oceanic Flows , 1997 .

[46]  J. Joiner,et al.  Efficient methods to Assimilate Satellite Retrievals Based on Information Content, Part 2: Suboptimal Retrieval Assimilation , 1998 .

[47]  D. Deaven,et al.  The Regional Analysis System for the Operational “Early” Eta Model: Original 80-km Configuration and Recent Changes , 1995 .

[48]  Sylvie Gravel,et al.  Variable Resolution and Robustness , 1992 .

[49]  Heinz-Otto Kreiss,et al.  Methods for the approximate solution of time dependent problems , 1973 .

[50]  A. Staniforth,et al.  A Variable-Resolution Finite-Element Technique for Regional Forecasting with the Primitive Equations , 1978 .

[51]  J. Paegle,et al.  A Variable Resolution Global Model Based upon Fourier and Finite Element Representation , 1989 .

[52]  Peter Lynch,et al.  The Dolph-Chebyshev Window: A Simple Optimal Filter , 1997 .

[53]  Kevin E. Trenberth,et al.  An Evaluation and Intercomparison of Global Analyses from the National Meteorological Center and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts , 1988 .

[54]  A. Wiin-Nielsen.  The birth of numerical weather prediction , 1991 .

[55]  E. J. Harrison.  a Method for Incorporating Nested Finite Grids in the Solution of Systems of Geophysical Equations. , 1972 .

[56]  David L. Williamson,et al.  INTEGRATION OF THE PRIMITIVE BAROTROPIC MODEL OVER A SPHERICAL GEODESIC GRID , 1970 .

[57]  H. Kuo.  Further Studies of the Parameterization of the Influence of Cumulus Convection on Large-Scale Flow , 1974 .

[58]  R. Koster,et al.  Variance and Predictability of Precipitation at Seasonal-to-Interannual Timescales , 2000 .

[59]  W. Collins,et al.  The NCEP–NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD-ROM and Documentation , 2001 .

[60]  André Robert,et al.  A stable numerical integration scheme for the primitive meteorological equations , 1981 .

[61]  G. Holloway,et al.  Predictability of fluid motions , 1984 .

[62]  E. Lorenz.  A study of the predictability of a 28-variable atmospheric model , 1965 .

[63]  P. Rasch,et al.  Computational aspects of moisture transport in global models of the atmosphere , 1990 .

[64]  Syukuro Manabe,et al.  NUMERICAL RESULTS FROM A NINE-LEVEL GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL OF THE ATMOSPHERE1 , 1965 .

[65]  G. Evensen.  Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi‐geostrophic model using Monte Carlo methods to forecast error statistics , 1994 .

[66]  C. Rossby,et al.  PAPERS IN PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY , 2022 .

[67]  W. Skamarock.  Truncation error estimates for refinement criteria in nested and adaptive models , 1989 .

[68]  Peter Lynch.  Digital Filter Initialization , 2003 .

[69]  J. Wallace,et al.  On the structure and evolution of ENSO‐related climate variability in the tropical Pacific: Lessons from TOGA , 1998 .

[70]  G. Wahba,et al.  Some New Mathematical Methods for Variational Objective Analysis Using Splines and Cross Validation , 1980 .

[71]  Z. Pu,et al.  Targeting observations with the quasi‐inverse linear and adjoint NCEP global models: Performance during FASTEX , 1999 .

[72]  R. Hodur.  The Naval Research Laboratory’s Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) , 1997 .

[73]  G. Evensen,et al.  Assimilation of Geosat altimeter data for the Agulhas current using the ensemble Kalman filter with , 1996 .

[74]  Young-Joon Kim,et al.  Improvement of Orographic Gravity Wave Parameterization Using a Mesoscale Gravity Wave Model , 1995 .

[75]  W. Grabowski,et al.  The multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm: nonoscillatory option , 1990 .

[76]  C. Rossby,et al.  ON THE PROPAGATION OF FREQUENCIES AND ENERGY IN CERTAIN TYPES OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC WAVES , 1945 .

[77]  R. Vautard.  Invariant Manifolds, Quasi-Geostrophy and Initialization , 1986 .

[78]  David L. Williamson,et al.  Numerical Approximations for Global Atmospheric General Circulation Models , 2000 .

[79]  Stephen F. McCormick.  2. Multilevel Projection Methods , 1992 .

[80]  N. A. Phillips,et al.  A COORDINATE SYSTEM HAVING SOME SPECIAL ADVANTAGES FOR NUMERICAL FORECASTING , 1957 .

[81]  Philippe Courtier,et al.  Data Assimilation in the Ocean and in the Atmosphere : What Should be Next? (gtSpecial IssueltData Assimilation in Meteology and Oceanography: Theory and Practice) , 1997 .

[82]  Zavisa Janjic,et al.  On the Pressure Gradient Force Error in σ-Coordinate Spectral Models , 1989 .

[83]  H. Pan,et al.  Nonlocal Boundary Layer Vertical Diffusion in a Medium-Range Forecast Model , 1996 .

[84]  Kamal Puri,et al.  Some experiments on the use of tropical diabatic heating information for initial state specification , 1987 .

[85]  P. Bénard,et al.  Introduction of a local mapping factor in the spectral part of the Météo‐France global variable mesh numerical forecast model , 1996 .

[86]  A. Staniforth,et al.  Semi-Lagrangian integration schemes for atmospheric models - A review , 1991 .

[87]  Ann Henderson-Sellers,et al.  Biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme(BATS) version 1e as coupled to the NCAR community climate model , 1993 .

[88]  Clive Temperton,et al.  Variational Normal Mode Initialization for a Multilevel Model , 1984 .

[89]  W. Skamarock,et al.  The stability of time-split numerical methods for the hydrostatic and the nonhydrostatic elastic equations , 1992 .

[90]  S. Moorthi,et al.  Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert - A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models , 1992 .

[91]  G. Grell,et al.  A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) , 1994 .

[92]  Francis J. Winninghoff,et al.  Note on a Simple, Restorative-Iterative Procedure for Initialization of a Global Forecast Model , 1973 .

[93]  T. N. Krishnamurti,et al.  Improved Weather and Seasonal Climate Forecasts from Multimodel Superensemble. , 1999, Science.

[94]  Ronald M. Errico,et al.  Evaluation of physical processes in an idealized extratropical cyclone using adjoint sensitivity , 1995 .

[95]  Zavisa Janjic,et al.  Nonlinear Advection Schemes and Energy Cascade on Semi-Staggered Grids , 1984 .

[96]  P. D. Thompson,et al.  A Dynamical Method of Analyzing Meteorological Data , 1961 .

[97]  Y. Kuo,et al.  Accuracy of Diagnostic Heat and Moisture Budgets Using SESAME-79 Field Data as Revealed by Observing System Simulation Experiments , 1984 .

[98]  H. Davies,et al.  A lateral boundary formulation for multi-level prediction models. [numerical weather forecasting , 1976 .

[99]  Norman A. Phillips,et al.  The Emergence of Quasi-Geostrophic Theory* , 1990 .

[100]  Ralph Shapiro,et al.  Smoothing, filtering, and boundary effects , 1970 .

[101]  Yimin Ji,et al.  Simulation of the Asian Summer Monsoons of 1987 and 1988 with a Regional Model Nested in a Global GCM , 1997 .

[102]  A. Staniforth,et al.  Regional modeling: A theoretical discussion , 1997 .

[103]  P. Courtier,et al.  Four-dimensional variational data assimilation using the adjoint of a multilevel primitive-equation model , 1991 .

[104]  W. K. F. Grant,et al.  Initialization procedures for primitive equation models , 1975 .

[105]  J. McGregor.  Regional climate modelling , 1997 .

[106]  Andrew C. Lorenc,et al.  Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction , 1986 .

[107]  Clive D. Rodgers,et al.  Remote Sounding Of Atmospheres , 1984 .

[108]  Paul R. Julian,et al.  Objective Analysis in the Tropics: A Proposed Scheme , 1984 .

[109]  Dick Dee,et al.  Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of Forecast and Observation Error Covariance Parameters. Part I: Methodology , 1999 .

[110]  A. Jazwinski.  Stochastic Processes and Filtering Theory , 1970 .

[111]  R. A. Panofsky,et al.  OBJECTIVE WEATHER-MAP ANALYSIS , 1949 .

[112]  J. Louis,et al.  Distortion Representation of Forecast Errors , 1995 .

[113]  M. Kanamitsu,et al.  The NMC Nested Regional Spectral Model , 1994 .

[114]  James J. Hack,et al.  Response of Climate Simulation to a New Convective Parameterization in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM3) , 1998 .

[115]  Andrew C. Lorenc,et al.  Development of an Operational Variational Assimilation Scheme (gtSpecial IssueltData Assimilation in Meteology and Oceanography: Theory and Practice) , 1997 .

[116]  I. Orlanski.  A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes , 1975 .

[117]  A. Robert,et al.  A semi-Lagrangian and semi-implicit numerical integration scheme for multilevel atmospheric models , 1985 .

[118]  Yasuo Tatsumi,et al.  A Spectral Limited-area Model with Time-dependent Lateral Boundary Conditions and Its Application to a Multi-level Primitive Equation Model , 1986 .

[119]  R. Bradley Pierce,et al.  A Comparison of Simulated Precipitation by Hybrid Isentropic-Sigma and Sigma Models , 1993 .

[120]  J. Derber.  A Variational Continuous Assimilation Technique , 1989 .

[121]  Gregory J. Tripoli,et al.  Design of a Movable Nested-Mesh Primitive Equation Model , 1979 .

[122]  Edward N. Lorenz,et al.  Charney—A Remarkable Colleague* , 1990 .

[123]  Mats Hamrud,et al.  The new ECMWF Variable Resolution Ensemble Prediction System (VAREPS): methodology and validation , 2006 .

[124]  C. M. Kishtawal,et al.  Multimodel Ensemble Forecasts for Weather and Seasonal Climate , 2000 .

[125]  R. S. Bell,et al.  The Meteorological Office analysis correction data assimilation scheme , 1991 .

[126]  C. Leith.  Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory , 1980 .

[127]  R. Balgovind,et al.  Use of satellite radiometric imagery data for improvement in the analysis of divergent wind in the tropics , 1988 .

[128]  R. Daley.  Atmospheric Data Analysis , 1991 .

[129]  J. Whitaker,et al.  Distance-dependent filtering of background error covariance estimates in an ensemble Kalman filter , 2001 .

[130]  B R Hunt,et al.  Local low dimensionality of atmospheric dynamics. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[131]  Jorgen S. Frederiksen,et al.  Adjoint Sensitivity and Finite-Time Normal Mode Disturbances during Blocking , 1997 .

[132]  Hannu Savijärvi,et al.  Error Growth in a Large Numerical Forecast System , 1995 .

[133]  Anthony Rosati,et al.  Decadal Analysis Produced from an Ocean Data Assimilation System , 1995 .

[134]  Ionel M. Navon,et al.  Variational data assimilation with moist threshold processes using the NMC spectral model , 1993 .

[135]  Steven A. Orszag,et al.  On the Elimination of Aliasing in Finite-Difference Schemes by Filtering High-Wavenumber Components , 1971 .

[136]  Istvan Szunyogh,et al.  Exploiting Local Low Dimensionality of the Atmospheric Dynamics for Efficient Ensemble Kalman Filtering , 2002 .

[137]  A. Hollingsworth,et al.  Monitoring of observation and analysis quality by a data assimilation system , 1986 .

[138]  Ragnar Fjørtoft,et al.  On a Numerical Method of Integrating the Barotropic Vorticity Equation , 1952 .

[139]  George Veronis,et al.  Comments on Phillips' Proposed Simplification of the Equations of Motion for a Shallow Rotating Atmosphere , 1968 .

[140]  Andrew C. Lorenc,et al.  Objective quality control of observations using Bayesian methods. Theory, and a practical implementation , 1988 .

[141]  R. Errico.  What is an adjoint model , 1997 .

[142]  Jan Barkmeijer,et al.  Perturbations that optimally trigger weather regimes , 1995 .

[143]  C. Duchon.  Lanczos Filtering in One and Two Dimensions , 1979 .

[144]  Da‐Lin Zhang,et al.  A two-way interactive nesting procedure with variable terrain resolution , 1986 .

[145]  Eigil Kaas,et al.  Using tendency errors to tune the parameterisation of unresolved dynamical scale interactions in atmospheric general circulation models , 1999 .

[146]  Dale R. Durran,et al.  Toward More Accurate Wave-Permeable Boundary Conditions , 1993 .

[147]  By,et al.  Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation , 2006 .

[148]  A. Kasahara,et al.  Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization and the Bounded Derivative Method (Paper 2R0279) , 1982 .

[149]  Kamal Puri,et al.  Local Geostrophic Wind Correction in the Assimilation of Height Data and its Relationships to the Slow Manifold , 1981 .

[150]  Robert B. Wilhelmson,et al.  Retrieval of thermodynamic variables with deep convective clouds Experiments in three dimensions , 1981 .

[151]  Nils Gustafsson,et al.  Sensitivity of limited area model data assimilation to lateral boundary condition fields , 1990 .

[152]  P. Houtekamer,et al.  Data Assimilation Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter Technique , 1998 .

[153]  Conrad L. Ziegler,et al.  Retrieval of Thermal and Microphysical Variables in Observed Convective Storms. , 1985 .

[154]  Roger Daley,et al.  A Baroclinic Finite-Element Model for Regional Forecasting with the Primitive Equations , 1979 .

[155]  Robert Vautard,et al.  Four-dimensional variational assimilation and predictability in a quasi-geostrophic model , 1998 .

[156]  J. Wallace,et al.  Reduction of systematic forecast errors in the ECMWF model through the introduction of an envelope orography , 1983 .

[157]  Michael B. Giles,et al.  Propagation and stability of wavelike solutions of finite difference equations with variable coefficients , 1985 .

[158]  David L. Williamson,et al.  Free Oscillations of the NCAR Global Circulation Model , 1976 .

[159]  S. Childress,et al.  Topics in geophysical fluid dynamics. Atmospheric dynamics, dynamo theory, and climate dynamics. , 1987 .

[160]  Yoshio Kurihara,et al.  Numerical Integration of the Primitive Equations on a Spherical Grid , 1965 .

[161]  R. Lindzen,et al.  Supersaturation of Vertically Propagating Internal Gravity Waves , 1988 .

[162]  Patricia A. Phoebus,et al.  Data processing, and quality control for optimum interpolation analyses at the National Meteorological Center , 1985 .

[163]  R. Reynolds,et al.  The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project , 1996, Renewable Energy.

[164]  C. Rossby,et al.  On the Mutual Adjustment of Pressure and Velocity Distributions in Certain Simple Current Systems, II , 1938 .

[165]  Istvan Szunyogh,et al.  The Effect of Targeted Dropsonde Observations during the 1999 Winter Storm Reconnaissance Program , 2000 .

[166]  Roger Daley,et al.  A Finite-Element Formulation for the Vertical Discretization of Sigma-Coordinate Primitive Equation Models , 1977 .

[167]  Herschel L. Mitchell,et al.  Horizontal structure of hemispheric forecast error correlations for geopotential and temperature , 1986 .

[168]  Richard G. Jones,et al.  Simulation of climate change over europe using a nested regional‐climate model. I: Assessment of control climate, including sensitivity to location of lateral boundaries , 1995 .

[169]  Z. Janjic.  The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further Developments of the Convection, Viscous Sublayer, and Turbulence Closure Schemes , 1994 .

[170]  L. Trefethen.  Group velocity interpretation of the stability theory of Gustafsson, Kreiss, and Sundström , 1983 .

[171]  P. A. Arkin,et al.  Global monthly precipitation: A 7-year analysis using gauge observations, satellite estimates and model predictions , 1996 .

[172]  B. Hoskins,et al.  On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps , 2007 .

[173]  Francis D. Hughes.  Skill of Medium Range Forecast Group , 1982 .

[174]  Peter Lynch,et al.  Diabatic Digital-Filtering Initialization: Application to the HIRLAM Model , 1993 .

[175]  Frederick H. Carr,et al.  A Prognostic Cloud Scheme for Operational NWP Models , 1997 .

[176]  William G. Collins,et al.  Two Years of Operational Comprehensive Hydrostatic Quality Control at the National Meteorological Center , 1993 .

[177]  Graeme L. Stephens,et al.  The Parameterization of Radiation for Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Models , 1984 .

[178]  François Lott,et al.  A new subgrid‐scale orographic drag parametrization: Its formulation and testing , 1997 .

[179]  G. Mellor,et al.  Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems , 1982 .

[180]  J. R. Bates,et al.  Semi-Lagrangian Integration of a Gridpoint Shallow Water Model on the Sphere , 1989 .

[181]  Masato Sugi,et al.  Dynamic normal mode initialization , 1986 .

[182]  D. Deaven,et al.  Changes to the Operational ''Early'' Eta Analysis / Forecast System at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction , 1996 .

[183]  T. Petroliagis,et al.  Error growth and estimates of predictability from the ECMWF forecasting system , 1995 .

[184]  R. Lindzen,et al.  OSCILLATIONS IN ATMOSPHERES WITH TOPS , 1968 .

[185]  P. Merilees,et al.  On the linear balance equation in terms of spherical harmonics , 1968 .

[186]  Robert Vichnevetsky,et al.  Spurious scattering from discontinuously stretching grids in computational fluid dynamics , 1991 .

[187]  George W. Platzman,et al.  The ENIAC Computations of 1950—Gateway to Numerical Weather Prediction , 1979 .

[188]  John B. Hovermale,et al.  A TECHNIQUE OF OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS AND INITIALIZATION FOR THE PRIMITIVE FORECAST EQUATIONS , 1969 .

[189]  O. Talagrand,et al.  Short-range evolution of small perturbations in a barotropic model , 1988 .

[190]  Ionel M. Navon,et al.  Conjugate-Gradient Methods for Large-Scale Minimization in Meteorology , 1987 .

[191]  Barry E. Schwartz,et al.  Accuracy of RUC-1 and RUC-2 Wind and Aircraft Trajectory Forecasts by Comparison with ACARS Observations , 2000 .

[192]  C. Nicolis,et al.  Lyapunov Vectors and Error Growth Patterns in a T21L3 Quasigeostrophic Model , 1997 .

[193]  N. Vinnichenko,et al.  The kinetic energy spectrum in the free atmosphere—1 second to 5 years , 1970 .

[194]  Chris Snyder,et al.  Ensemble Forecasting in the Short to Medium Range: Report from a Workshop , 2000 .

[195]  B. Farrell.  The initial growth of disturbances in a baroclinic flow , 1982 .

[196]  Robert W. Jones.  A Nested Grid for a Three-Dimensional Model of a Tropical Cyclone. , 1977 .

[197]  Philippe Courtier,et al.  Interactions of Dynamics and Observations in a Four-Dimensional Variational Assimilation , 1993 .

[198]  C. Temperton,et al.  Dynamic initialization for barotropic and multi‐level models , 1976 .

[199]  Donald R. Johnson.  A Generalized Transport Equation for Use with Meteorological Coordinate Systems , 1980 .

[200]  K. Wyrtki,et al.  El Niño—The Dynamic Response of the Equatorial Pacific Oceanto Atmospheric Forcing , 1975 .

[201]  François Lalaurette,et al.  Error growth and Kalman filtering within an idealized baroclinic flow , 1998 .

[202]  A. Lorenc.  Optimal nonlinear objective analysis , 1988 .

[203]  Akio Arakawa,et al.  Integration of the Nondivergent Barotropic Vorticity Equation with AN Icosahedral-Hexagonal Grid for the SPHERE1 , 1968 .

[204]  J. O'Brien,et al.  Alternative Solutions to the Classical Vertical Velocity Problem. , 1970 .

[205]  R. Vichnevetsky,et al.  Invariance theorems concerning reflection at numerical boundaries , 1986 .

[206]  D. Baumhefner,et al.  Predictability Experiments Using a High-Resolution Limited-Area Model , 1987 .

[207]  Michael Ghil,et al.  Tracking Atmospheric Instabilities with the Kalman Filter. Part II: Two-Layer Results , 1996 .

[208]  F. Giorgi.  Simulation of Regional Climate Using a Limited Area Model Nested in a General Circulation Model , 1990 .

[209]  R. Todling,et al.  Suboptimal Schemes for Atmospheric Data Assimilation Based on the Kalman Filter , 1994 .

[210]  T. N. Krishnamurti,et al.  Reduction of the Spinup Time for Evaporation and Precipitation in a Spectral Model , 1988 .

[211]  P. Courtier,et al.  Variational Assimilation of Meteorological Observations With the Adjoint Vorticity Equation. I: Theory , 2007 .

[212]  R. Vachat,et al.  A General Formulation of Normal Modes for Limited-Area Models: Application to Initialization , 1986 .

[213]  Y. Sasaki,et al.  Proposed Inclusion of Time . Variation Terms, Observational and Theoretical, in Numerical Variational Objective Analysis , 1969 .

[214]  P. L. Houtekamer,et al.  Prediction Experiments with Two-Member Ensembles , 1994 .

[215]  Evhen Yakimiw,et al.  Local Error Propagation in a Global Spectral Shallow Water Model: Its Implication for Regional Forecast Modelling , 1988 .

[216]  Edward N. Lorenz,et al.  AN N-CYCLE TIME-DIFFERENCING SCHEME FOR STEPWISE NUMERICAL INTEGRATION , 1971 .

[217]  A. Slingo.  A GCM Parameterization for the Shortwave Radiative Properties of Water Clouds , 1989 .

[218]  Jeffrey T. Kiehl,et al.  Atmospheric general circulation modeling , 1992 .

[219]  Akio Arakawa,et al.  Design of an Atmospheric Model Based on a Generalized Vertical Coordinate , 1997 .

[220]  D. Zupanski.  A General Weak Constraint Applicable to Operational 4DVAR Data Assimilation Systems , 1997 .

[221]  A. Hollingsworth,et al.  The statistical structure of short-range forecast errors as determined from radiosonde data Part II: The covariance of height and wind errors , 1986 .

[222]  Franco Molteni,et al.  Ensemble prediction using dynamically conditioned perturbations , 1993 .

[223]  Dale R. Durran,et al.  The Third-Order Adams-Bashforth Method: An Attractive Alternative to Leapfrog Time Differencing , 1991 .

[224]  R. Hoffman,et al.  A four-dimensional analysis exactly satisfying equations of motion. [for atmospheric circulation , 1986 .

[225]  Shian‐Jiann Lin,et al.  Multidimensional Flux-Form Semi-Lagrangian Transport Schemes , 1996 .

[226]  Takeo Kitade,et al.  Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization with Physics , 1983 .

[227]  H. Mitchell,et al.  Revised Interpolation Statistics for the Canadian Data Assimilation Procedure: Their Derivation and Application , 1990 .

[228]  D. Randall,et al.  General Circulation Model Development: Past, Present, and Future. International Geophysics Series, Vol 70 , 2001 .

[229]  Tim N. Palmer,et al.  Decaying Singular Vectors and Their Impact on Analysis and Forecast Correction , 1998 .

[230]  Yoshinobu Masuda,et al.  An Integration Scheme of the Primitive Equation Model with an Icosahedral-Hexagonal Grid System and its Application to the Shallow Water Equations , 1986 .

[231]  Norman A. Phillips,et al.  The spatial statistics of random geostrophic modes and first-guess errors , 1986 .

[232]  Harold Ritchie,et al.  Semi-Lagrangian advection on a Gaussian grid , 1987 .

[233]  Michael Ghil,et al.  Advanced data assimilation in strongly nonlinear dynamical systems , 1994 .

[234]  H. Pan,et al.  A Simple Parameterization Scheme of Evapotranspiration over Land for the NMC Medium-Range Forecast Model , 1990 .

[235]  Boris Katz,et al.  Recent Changes Implemented into the Global Forecast System at NMC , 1991 .

[236]  Syukuro Manabe,et al.  THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND THE HYDROLOGY OF THE EARTH ’ S SURFACE , 1969 .

[237]  I. Orlanski.  A Simple Boundary Condition for Unbounded Hyperbolic Flows , 1976 .

[238]  Ming Ji,et al.  An experimental coupled forecast system at the national meteorological center: some early results , 1994 .

[239]  G. J. Haltiner.  Numerical Prediction and Dynamic Meteorology , 1980 .

[240]  John M. Lewis,et al.  Incorporation of time continuity into subsynoptic analysis by using dynamical constraints , 1978 .

[241]  Clive Temperton,et al.  Implicit Normal Mode Initialization for Spectral Models , 1989 .

[242]  W. R. Holland,et al.  Data Constraints Applied to Models of the Ocean General Circulation. Part I: The Steady Case , 1986 .

[243]  Ming Ji,et al.  Impact of Data Assimilation on Ocean Initialization and El Niño Prediction , 1997 .

[244]  P. L. Houtekamer,et al.  A System Simulation Approach to Ensemble Prediction , 1996 .

[245]  A. Bennett,et al.  TOPEX/POSEIDON tides estimated using a global inverse model , 1994 .

[246]  Philippe Courtier,et al.  Sensitivity of forecast errors to initial conditions , 1996 .

[247]  Dick Dee,et al.  Using Hough harmonics to validate and assess nonlinear shallow-water models , 1986 .

[248]  J. Garratt.  The Atmospheric Boundary Layer , 1992 .

[249]  J. Yorke,et al.  Chaotic behavior of multidimensional difference equations , 1979 .

[250]  A. Simmons,et al.  Implementation of the Semi-Lagrangian Method in a High-Resolution Version of the ECMWF Forecast Model , 1995 .

[251]  Robert Vichnevetsky,et al.  Wave propagation and reflection in irregular grids for hyperbolic equations , 1987 .

[252]  Roger W. Saunders,et al.  Use and Impact of Satellite Atmospheric Motion Winds on ECMWF Analyses and Forecasts , 1999 .

[253]  B. Gilchrist,et al.  An Experiment in Objective Analysis , 1954 .

[254]  George W. Platzman,et al.  THE SPECTRAL FORM OF THE VORTICITY EQUATION , 1960 .

[255]  Philip J. Rasch,et al.  Toward atmospheres without tops: Absorbing upper boundary conditions for numerical models , 1986 .

[256]  A. Kasahara,et al.  Normal Modes of Ultralong Waves in the Atmosphere , 1976 .

[257]  Milija Zupanski,et al.  Regional Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation in a Quasi-Operational Forecasting Environment , 1993 .

[258]  J. Oliger,et al.  Adaptive grid refinement for numerical weather prediction , 1989 .

[259]  J. Derber,et al.  Variational Data Assimilation with an Adiabatic Version of the NMC Spectral Model , 1992 .

[260]  Harold E. Brooks,et al.  Using Ensembles for Short-Range Forecasting , 1999 .

[261]  Luc Fillion,et al.  Variational Implicit Normal Mode Initialization , 1989 .

[262]  J. Derber,et al.  A reformulation of the background error covariance in the ECMWF global data assimilation system , 1999 .

[263]  Todd D. Ringler,et al.  Modeling the Atmospheric General Circulation Using a Spherical Geodesic Grid: A New Class of Dynamical Cores , 2000 .

[264]  Richard C. J. Somerville,et al.  On the use of a coordinate transformation for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations , 1975 .

[265]  Philippe Courtier,et al.  Unified Notation for Data Assimilation : Operational, Sequential and Variational , 1997 .

[266]  Richard B. Rood,et al.  An assimilated dataset for Earth science applications , 1993 .

[267]  S. Orszag.  Transform method for the calculation of vector-coupled sums: Application to the spectral form of the vorticity equation , 1970 .

[268]  T. Hamill,et al.  A Comparison of Probabilistic Forecasts from Bred, Singular-Vector, and Perturbed Observation Ensembles , 2000 .

[269]  W. Washington,et al.  An Introduction to Three-Dimensional Climate Modeling , 1986 .

[270]  T. Başar,et al.  A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems , 2001 .

[271]  F. Mesinger.  Improvements in Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts with the Eta Regional Model at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction: The 48-km Upgrade , 1996 .

[272]  John M. Wallace,et al.  Planetary-Scale Atmospheric Phenomena Associated with the Southern Oscillation , 1981 .

[273]  Gary S. Dietachmayer,et al.  Application of Continuous Dynamic Grid Adaption Techniques to Meteorological Modeling. Part II: Efficiency , 1992 .

[274]  John Derber,et al.  The Use of TOVS Cloud-Cleared Radiances in the NCEP SSI Analysis System , 1998 .

[275]  M. Suárez,et al.  A proposal for the intercomparison of the dynamical cores of atmospheric general circulation models , 1994 .

[276]  Slobodan Nickovic,et al.  The Step-Mountain Coordinate: Model Description and Performance for Cases of Alpine Lee Cyclogenesis and for a Case of an Appalachian Redevelopment , 1988 .

[277]  J. Kristjánsson,et al.  Condensation and Cloud Parameterization Studies with a Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Model , 1989 .

[278]  Roger Daley,et al.  Four-Dimensional, Data Assimilation and the Slow Manifold , 1980 .

[279]  J. Louis.  A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere , 1979 .

[280]  Donald R. Johnson,et al.  Development and Initial Test of the University of Wisconsin Global Isentropic–Sigma Model , 1994 .

[281]  D. Durran,et al.  An Upper Boundary Condition Permitting Internal Gravity Wave Radiation in Numerical Mesoscale Models , 1983 .

[282]  Lance M. Leslie,et al.  High-order generalized Lorenz N-cycle schemes for semi-Lagrangian models employing second derivatives in time , 1997 .

[283]  J. Oliger,et al.  Theoretical and practical aspects of some initial-boundary value problems in fluid dynamics , 1976 .

[284]  Richard B. Rood,et al.  Numerical advection algorithms and their role in atmospheric transport and chemistry models , 1987 .

[285]  Thomas T. Warner,et al.  A Real-Time, Mesoscale Numerical Weather-Prediction System Used for Research, Teaching, and Public Service at The Pennsylvania State University , 1990 .

[286]  N. B. Ingleby,et al.  Bayesian quality control using multivariate normal distributions , 1993 .

[287]  Michael Ghil,et al.  Tracking Atmospheric Instabilities with the Kalman Filter. Part 1: Methodology and One-Layer Resultst , 1994 .

[288]  Norman A. McFarlane,et al.  The Effect of Orographically Excited Gravity Wave Drag on the General Circulation of the Lower Stratosphere and Troposphere , 1987 .

[289]  G. Grell.  Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations , 1993 .

[290]  Peter J. Webster,et al.  Random error growth in NMC's global forecasts , 1994 .

[291]  James G. Howcroft.  Local forecast model, present status and preliminary verification , 1971 .

[292]  C. Ropelewski,et al.  Global and Regional Scale Precipitation Patterns Associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation , 1987 .

[293]  A. Majda,et al.  Radiation boundary conditions for acoustic and elastic wave calculations , 1979 .

[294]  J. Kain,et al.  A One-Dimensional Entraining/Detraining Plume Model and Its Application in Convective Parameterization , 1990 .

[295]  A. Kasahara.  Various Vertical Coordinate Systems Used for Numerical Weather Prediction , 1974 .

[296]  Thomas Schlatter,et al.  Some Experiments with a Multivariate Statistical Objective Analysis Scheme , 1975 .

[297]  Clive Temperton,et al.  Implicit Normal Mode Initialization , 1988 .

[298]  Roger Daley,et al.  The application of Kalman smoother theory to the estimation of 4DVAR error statistics , 1996 .

[299]  M. Cane,et al.  A Model El Niñ–Southern Oscillation , 1987 .

[300]  K. Droegemeier,et al.  Objective Verification of the SAMEX ’98 Ensemble Forecasts , 2001 .

[301]  Yoshio Kurihara,et al.  Use of a Movable Nested-Mesh Model for Tracking a Small Vortex , 1980 .

[302]  J. Deardorff,et al.  Parameterization of the Planetary Boundary layer for Use in General Circulation Models1 , 1972 .

[303]  S. Esbensen,et al.  Determination of Bulk Properties of Tropical Cloud Clusters from Large-Scale Heat and Moisture Budgets , 1973 .

[304]  Conrad L. Ziegler,et al.  Single- and Multiple-Doppler Radar Observations of Tornadic Storms , 1980 .

[305]  Ying-Hwa Kuo,et al.  Feasibility of Short-Range Numerical Weather Prediction Using Observations from a Network of Profilers , 1987 .

[306]  Bertil Gustafsson,et al.  The convergence rate for difference approximations to general mixed initial boundary value problems , 1981 .

[307]  J. Paegle,et al.  On Geopotential Data and Ellipticity of the Balance Equation: A Data Study , 1976 .

[308]  David L. Williamson,et al.  Adaptation of Meteorological Variables Forced by Updating , 1971 .

[309]  Georgiy L. Stenchikov,et al.  A Finite-Difference GCM Dynamical Core with a Variable-Resolution Stretched Grid , 1997 .

[310]  W. Gates.  AMIP: The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project. , 1992 .

[311]  Shoji Kusunoki,et al.  Seasonal predictability in winter over eastern Asia using the JMA global model , 2000 .

[312]  C. Ziehmann.  Comparison of a single-model EPS with a multi-model ensemble consisting of a few operational models , 2000 .

[313]  Fedor Mesinger,et al.  A blocking technique for representation of mountains in atmospheric models , 1984 .

[314]  A. Lorenc.  A Global Three-Dimensional Multivariate Statistical Interpolation Scheme , 1981 .

[315]  C. Leith.  Theoretical Skill of Monte Carlo Forecasts , 1974 .

[316]  A. Staniforth,et al.  Review: Formulating efficient finite‐element codes for flows in regular domains , 1987 .

[317]  H. Kuo.  On Formation and Intensification of Tropical Cyclones Through Latent Heat Release by Cumulus Convection , 1965 .

[318]  K. Ooyama.  A Theory on Parameterization of Cumulus Convection , 1971 .

[319]  J. Dudhia.  A Nonhydrostatic Version of the Penn State–NCAR Mesoscale Model: Validation Tests and Simulation of an Atlantic Cyclone and Cold Front , 1993 .

[320]  Stephen J. Lord,et al.  A new methodology of rainfall retrievals from indirect measurements , 2000 .

[321]  A. J. Simmons,et al.  Stability of a Two-Time-Level Semi-Implicit Integration Scheme for Gravity Wave Motion , 1997 .

[322]  L. Gandin,et al.  Complex Quality Control of Meteorological Observations , 1988 .

[323]  David A. Randall,et al.  Single-Column Models and Cloud Ensemble Models as Links between Observations and Climate Models , 1996 .

[324]  H. M. van den Dool,et al.  A New Look at Weather Forecasting through Analogues , 1989 .

[325]  H. Glahn,et al.  The Use of Model Output Statistics (MOS) in Objective Weather Forecasting , 1972 .

[326]  N. Phillips.  On the Completeness of Multi-Variate Optimum Interpolation for Large-Scale Meteorological Analysis , 1982 .

[327]  Barry Saltzman,et al.  Finite Amplitude Free Convection as an Initial Value Problem—I , 1962 .

[328]  T. Black,et al.  Implementation of the Cloud Prediction Scheme in the Eta Model at NCEP , 1997 .

[329]  J. Haugen,et al.  A Two-Time-Level, Three-Dimensional Semi-Lagrangian, Semi-implicit, Limited-Area Gridpoint Model of the Primitive Equations , 1992 .

[330]  Michael Ghil,et al.  Nonlinear Dynamics and Predictability in the Atmospheric Sciences , 1991 .

[331]  Norman A. Phillips,et al.  Variational Analysis and the Slow Manifold , 1981 .

[332]  Jean-François Mahfouf,et al.  Analysis of Soil Moisture from Near-Surface Parameters: A Feasibility Study , 1991 .

[333]  Song-You Hong,et al.  Role of sea surface temperature and soil-moisture feedback in the 1998 Oklahoma–Texas drought , 2000, Nature.

[334]  Malaquias Peña,et al.  Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Statistics of Locally Coupled Ocean and Atmosphere Intraseasonal Anomalies in Reanalysis and Amip Data , 2022 .

[335]  Eugenia Kalnay,et al.  Time Schemes for Strongly Nonlinear Damping Equations , 1988 .

[336]  Peter Lynch,et al.  Diabatic initialization using recursive filters , 1994 .

[337]  Akio Arakawa,et al.  The parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in the UCLA general circulation model - Formulation and results , 1983 .

[338]  André Robert,et al.  Identification and elimination of an inflow boundary computational solution in limited area model integrations , 1986 .

[339]  Peter Lynch,et al.  Initialization of the HIRLAM Model Using a Digital Filter , 1992 .

[340]  W. Bourke,et al.  A Scheme to Retain the Hadley Circulation During Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization , 1982 .

[341]  D. Durran.  Numerical methods for wave equations in geophysical fluid dynamics , 1999 .

[342]  R. D. Richtmyer,et al.  Difference methods for initial-value problems , 1959 .

[343]  Joseph B. Klemp,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Hydrostatic Mountain Waves , 1978 .

[344]  David L. Williamson,et al.  Climate Simulations with a Semi-Lagrangian Version of the NCAR Community Climate Model , 1994 .

[345]  M. B. Mathur,et al.  A New Method of Observed Rainfall Assimilation in Forecast Models , 2000 .

[346]  K. Miyakoda,et al.  One-Way Nested Grid Models: The Interface Conditions and the Numerical Accuracy , 1977 .

[347]  David M. Young,et al.  Applied Iterative Methods , 2004 .

[348]  F. Mesinger,et al.  A global shallow‐water model using an expanded spherical cube: Gnomonic versus conformal coordinates , 1996 .

[349]  J. Slingo.  The Development and Verification of A Cloud Prediction Scheme For the Ecmwf Model , 2007 .

[350]  K. Hinkelmann,et al.  Der Mechanismus des meteorologischen Lärmes , 1951 .

[351]  D. Stauffer,et al.  Use of Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation in a Limited-Area Mesoscale Model. Part I: Experiments with Synoptic-Scale Data , 1990 .

[352]  Kelvin K. Droegemeier,et al.  The Influence of Helicity on Numerically Simulated Convective Storms , 1993 .

[353]  Herschel L. Mitchell,et al.  A Semi-Implicit Finite-Element Barotropic Model , 1977 .

[354]  Roberto Buizza,et al.  Sensitivity Analysis of Forecast Errors and the Construction of Optimal Perturbations Using Singular Vectors , 1998 .

[355]  Ionel M. Navon,et al.  An Optimal Nudging Data Assimilation Scheme Using Parameter Estimation , 1992 .

[356]  Joel H. Ferziger,et al.  Computational methods for fluid dynamics , 1996 .

[357]  A. Robert,et al.  Validation experiments for a nested grid‐point regional forecast model: Research note , 1990 .

[358]  A. Dalcher,et al.  Forecasting forecast skill , 1987 .

[359]  Ronald M. Errico,et al.  Mesoscale Predictability and the Spectrum of Optimal Perturbations , 1995 .

[360]  R. Morss,et al.  Adaptive observations : idealized sampling strategies for improving numerical weather prediction , 1998 .

[361]  Ronald M. Errico,et al.  Sensitivity Analysis Using an Adjoint of the PSU-NCAR Mesoseale Model , 1992 .

[362]  E. Lorenz.  Atmospheric predictability experiments with a large numerical model , 1982 .

[363]  Frederick G. Shuman,et al.  NUMERICAL METHODS IN WEATHER PREDICTION: I. THE BALANCE EQUATION* , 1957 .

[364]  R. Heikes,et al.  Numerical Integration of the Shallow-Water Equations on a Twisted Icosahedral Grid , 1995 .

[365]  W. Gibbs,et al.  Finite element methods , 2017, Graduate Studies in Mathematics.

[366]  G. Meurant.  Computer Solution of Large Linear Systems , 1999 .

[367]  R. E. Kalman,et al.  New Results in Linear Filtering and Prediction Theory , 1961 .

[368]  A. Wiin-Nielsen,et al.  On the Application of Trajectory Methods in Numerical Forecasting , 1959 .

[369]  D. Durran,et al.  A Compressible Model for the Simulation of Moist Mountain Waves , 1983 .

[370]  T. Hamill,et al.  A Hybrid Ensemble Kalman Filter-3D Variational Analysis Scheme , 2000 .

[371]  P. Houtekamer,et al.  A Sequential Ensemble Kalman Filter for Atmospheric Data Assimilation , 2001 .

[372]  E. Lorenz,et al.  The predictability of a flow which possesses many scales of motion , 1969 .

[373]  J. Pedlosky.  Geophysical Fluid Dynamics , 1979 .

[374]  M. Taylor.  The Spectral Element Method for the Shallow Water Equations on the Sphere , 1997 .

[375]  Slobodan Nickovic,et al.  An Alternative Approach to Nonhydrostatic Modeling , 2001 .

[376]  I. Rutherford,et al.  Adjustment of the Wind Field to Geopotential Data in a Primitive Equations Model , 1972 .

[377]  Brian F. Farrell,et al.  Optimal Excitation of Neutral Rossby Waves , 1988 .

[378]  Anthony Hollingsworth,et al.  The statistical structure of short-range forecast errors as determined from radiosonde data , 1986 .

[379]  I. M. Navon,et al.  A comparison of the bounded derivative and the normal-mode initialization methods using real data. [for linear barotropic model , 1986 .

[380]  F. Vesely,et al.  Computational Physics: An Introduction , 1996 .

[381]  Vivek Hardiker,et al.  A Global Numerical Weather Prediction Model with Variable Resolution , 1997 .

[382]  Yasuo Tatsumi,et al.  An Economical Explicit Time Integration Scheme for A Primitive Model , 1983 .

[383]  R. Dickinson,et al.  The Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS): Phases 2 and 3 , 1993 .

[384]  W. Baker,et al.  The Influence of the Tropics on the Prediction of Ultralong Waves. Part II: Latent Heating , 1983 .

[385]  Ross N. Hoffman,et al.  SASS wind ambiguity removal by direct minimization. II - Use of smoothness and dynamical constraints , 1984 .

[386]  A. Dalcher,et al.  A Simple Biosphere Model (SIB) for Use within General Circulation Models , 1986 .

[387]  Roberto Buizza,et al.  Singular Vectors: The Effect of Spatial Scale on Linear Growth of Disturbances. , 1995 .

[388]  S. Cohn,et al.  Applications of Estimation Theory to Numerical Weather Prediction , 1981 .

[389]  Erry,et al.  Idealized Adaptive Observation Strategies for Improving Numerical Weather Prediction , 2022 .

[390]  E. Lorenz.  Energy and Numerical Weather Prediction , 1960 .

[391]  A. Leetmaa,et al.  An Evaluation of the NCEP RSM for Regional Climate Modeling , 1999 .

[392]  T. Hamill,et al.  Evaluation of Eta-RSM Ensemble Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasts , 1998 .

[393]  J. Thuburn.  A PV-Based Shallow-Water Model on a Hexagonal-Icosahedral Grid , 1997 .

[394]  Clifford H. Dey,et al.  Evolution of the National Meteorological Center Global Data Assimilation System: January 1982–December 1983 , 1985 .

[395]  Ross N. Hoffman,et al.  Lagged average forecasting, an alternative to Monte Carlo forecasting , 1983 .

[396]  R. McPherson,et al.  The NMC Operational Global Data Assimilation System , 1979 .

[397]  P. D. Thompson,et al.  Reduction of Analysis Error Through Constraints of Dynamical Consistency , 1969 .

[398]  Olivier Talagrand,et al.  On extending the limits of variational assimilation in nonlinear chaotic systems , 1996 .

[399]  A. Simmons,et al.  An Energy and Angular-Momentum Conserving Vertical Finite-Difference Scheme and Hybrid Vertical Coordinates , 1981 .

[400]  David L. Williamson,et al.  Normal mode initialization for a multilevel grid-point model , 1981 .

[401]  W. Briggs.  Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences , 2007 .

[402]  Sidney Teweles,et al.  Verification of Prognostic Charts , 1954 .

[403]  Thomas M. Hamill,et al.  Verification of Eta–RSM Short-Range Ensemble Forecasts , 1997 .

[404]  K. Mitchell,et al.  Changes to NMC's Regional Analysis and Forecast System , 1991 .

[405]  David L. Williamson,et al.  Review of Numerical Approaches for Modeling Global Transport , 1992 .

[406]  Ronald M. Errico,et al.  Normal Mode Initialization and the Generation of Gravity Waves by Quasi-Geostrophic Forcing , 1982 .

[407]  H. V. D. Dool,et al.  Searching for analogues, how long must we wait? , 1994 .

[408]  C. Wunsch.  The North Atlantic general circulation west of 50°W determined by inverse methods , 1978 .

[409]  Roger Daley.  Linear non-divergent mass-wind laws on the sphere , 1983 .

[410]  Arlindo da Silva,et al.  Data assimilation in the presence of forecast bias , 1998 .

[411]  Wolfgang Hackbusch,et al.  Multi-grid methods and applications , 1985, Springer series in computational mathematics.

[412]  F. Mesinger,et al.  Dynamics of limited-area models: Formulation and numerical methods , 1997 .

[413]  Hajime Nakamura,et al.  Operational MesoScale Weather Prediction with Japan Spectral Model , 1989 .

[414]  Y. Sasaki.  SOME BASIC FORMALISMS IN NUMERICAL VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS , 1970 .

[415]  C. Kelley.  Iterative Methods for Linear and Nonlinear Equations , 1987 .

[416]  Eugenia Kalnay,et al.  Ensemble Forecasting at NMC: The Generation of Perturbations , 1993 .

[417]  T. Gal-Chen,et al.  Initialization of mesoscale models - The possible impact of remotely sensed data , 1983 .

[418]  A. Arakawa,et al.  Numerical methods used in atmospheric models , 1976 .

[419]  A. Hollingsworth,et al.  Data Assimilation: the 1984/85 Revisions of the Ecmwf Mass and Wind Analysis , 1987 .

[420]  Zavisa Janjic,et al.  A Stable Centered Difference Scheme Free of Two-Grid-Interval Noise , 1974 .

[421]  A. Mcdonald.  Accuracy of Multiply-Upstream, Semi-Lagrangian Advective Schemes , 1984 .

[422]  J. Klemp,et al.  The Simulation of Three-Dimensional Convective Storm Dynamics , 1978 .

[423]  Istvan Szunyogh,et al.  The North Pacific Experiment (NORPEX-98): Targeted Observations for Improved North American Weather Forecasts , 1999 .

[424]  Anne Greenbaum,et al.  Iterative methods for solving linear systems , 1997, Frontiers in applied mathematics.

[425]  G. Mellor,et al.  A Hierarchy of Turbulence Closure Models for Planetary Boundary Layers. , 1974 .

[426]  Norman A. Phillips,et al.  Carl-Gustaf Rossby: His Times, Personality, and Actions , 1998 .

[427]  David L. Williamson,et al.  Integration of the barotropic vorticity equation on a spherical geodesic grid , 1968 .

[428]  André Robert,et al.  Spurious Resonant Response of Semi-Lagrangian Discretizations to Orographic Forcing: Diagnosis and Solution , 1994 .