Face Mask Detection Using Deep Learning During COVID-19

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire world is in chaos and is talking about novel ways to prevent virus spread. People around the world are wearing masks as a precautionary measure to prevent catching this infection. While some are following and taking this measure, some are not still following despite official advice from the government and public health agencies. In this paper, a face mask detection model that can accurately detect whether a person is wearing a mask or not is proposed and implemented. The model architecture uses MobileNetV2, which is a lightweight convolutional neural network, therefore requires less computational power and can be easily embedded in computer vision systems and mobile. As a result, it can create a low-cost mask detector system that can help to identify whether a person is wearing a mask or not and act as a surveillance system as it works for both real-time images and videos. The face detector model achieved high accuracy of 99.98% on training data, 99.56% on validation data, and 99.75% on testing data. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

[1]  Xiaolin Hu,et al.  Joint Training of Cascaded CNN for Face Detection , 2016, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[2]  Xiangyu Zhang,et al.  ShuffleNet: An Extremely Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile Devices , 2017, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[3]  Kaiming He,et al.  Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[4]  Jian Sun,et al.  Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition , 2015, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[5]  Kaiming He,et al.  Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detection , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[6]  Yu Qiao,et al.  Joint Face Detection and Alignment Using Multitask Cascaded Convolutional Networks , 2016, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[7]  Benjamin J. Cowling,et al.  Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks , 2020, Nature Medicine.

[8]  Ran Tao,et al.  Seeing Small Faces from Robust Anchor's Perspective , 2018, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[9]  Paul A. Viola,et al.  Robust Real-Time Face Detection , 2001, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[10]  Lian-lian Wu,et al.  Deep learning-based model for detecting 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia on high-resolution computed tomography: a prospective study , 2020, medRxiv.

[11]  Ali Farhadi,et al.  YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Stronger , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[12]  Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn,et al.  Mobile-platform for automatic fever screening system based on infrared forehead temperature , 2017, 2017 Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and Photonics Global Conference (PGC).

[13]  Mark Sandler,et al.  MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottlenecks , 2018, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[14]  Sergey Ioffe,et al.  Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision , 2015, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[15]  François Chollet,et al.  Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[16]  Ali Farhadi,et al.  You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection , 2015, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[17]  Manoranjan Paul,et al.  Computer Vision for COVID-19 Control: A Survey , 2020, ArXiv.

[18]  Narendra Ahuja,et al.  Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey , 2002, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[19]  B. Cowling,et al.  Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic , 2020, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine.

[20]  J. Rocklöv,et al.  The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus , 2020, Journal of travel medicine.

[21]  Kaiming He,et al.  Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[22]  Gang Hua,et al.  A convolutional neural network cascade for face detection , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[23]  Wei Liu,et al.  SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector , 2015, ECCV.

[24]  Dumitru Erhan,et al.  Going deeper with convolutions , 2014, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[25]  Bo Chen,et al.  MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications , 2017, ArXiv.

[26]  Guangtao Zhai,et al.  Abnormal respiratory patterns classifier may contribute to large-scale screening of people infected with COVID-19 in an accurate and unobtrusive manner , 2020, ArXiv.