Meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies of the Wisconsin Card‐Sorting task and component processes

A quantitative meta‐analysis using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method was used to investigate the brain basis of the Wisconsin Card‐Sorting Task (WCST) and two hypothesized component processes, task switching and response suppression. All three meta‐analyses revealed distributed frontoparietal activation patterns consistent with the status of the WCST as an attention‐demanding executive task. The WCST was associated with extensive bilateral clusters of reliable cross‐study activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior parietal lobule. Task switching revealed a similar, although less robust, frontoparietal pattern with additional clusters of activity in the opercular region of the ventral prefrontal cortex, bilaterally. Response‐suppression tasks, represented by studies of the go/no‐go paradigm, showed a large and highly right‐lateralized region of activity in the right prefrontal cortex. The activation patterns are interpreted as reflecting a neural fractionation of the cognitive components that must be integrated during the performance of the WCST. Hum Brain Mapp 25:35–45, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.