Depression and coronary heart disease: A review for cardiologists

Major depression is a common comorbid condition in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Although mild emotional distress may be a normal reaction to myocardial infarction or other manifestations of CHD, major depression should not be considered a normal reaction, nor should it be ignored. Major depression is a debilitating comorbid disorder that can seriously complicate recovery and increase the risks of further cardiac morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, it is one that can be successfully treated in the majority of cases. The purpose of this review is to present the evidence for the negative prognostic effects of depression in cardiac patients and to discuss methods for assessing and treating depression in these patients.

[1]  R. Candinas,et al.  Role of the sympathetic nervous system in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmia. , 1990, Circulation.

[2]  K. Wells,et al.  The course of depression in adult outpatients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. , 1992, Archives of general psychiatry.

[3]  H. Kurosawa,et al.  The relationship between mental disorders and physical severities in patients with acute myocardial infarction. , 1983, Japanese circulation journal.

[4]  W. Katon,et al.  Depression, anxiety, and social disability show synchrony of change in primary care patients. , 1993, American journal of public health.

[5]  T. Hackett,et al.  Psychiatric consultation in a coronary care unit. , 1971, Annals of internal medicine.

[6]  R. Mayou,et al.  Prediction of outcome after coronary artery surgery. , 1989, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[7]  R. Pary,et al.  Antidepressants and the cardiac patient. Selecting an appropriate medication. , 1989, Postgraduate medicine.

[8]  R. Carney,et al.  Insomnia and depression prior to myocardial infarction. , 1990, Psychosomatic medicine.

[9]  N. Vetter,et al.  Psychological status during recovery from an acute heart attack. , 1972, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[10]  S. Roose,et al.  Delusional depression. A distinct clinical entity? , 1981, Archives of general psychiatry.

[11]  G. Breithardt,et al.  Affective disorders and survival after acute myocardial infarction. Results from the post-infarction late potential study. , 1991, European heart journal.

[12]  R. Cawley,et al.  Distress or Illness? a Study of Psychological Symptoms after Myocardial Infarction , 1983, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[13]  R. Gorlin,et al.  The nature and course of depression following myocardial infarction. , 1989, Archives of internal medicine.

[14]  M. Linnoila,et al.  Norepinephrine and its metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and urine. Relationship to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in depression. , 1988, Archives of general psychiatry.

[15]  A. Rifkin,et al.  Depression in physically ill patients. Don't dismiss it as 'understandable'. , 1992, Postgraduate medicine.

[16]  J. Ormel,et al.  Common Mental Disorders and Disability Across Cultures: Results From the WHO Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care , 1994 .

[17]  J. Fisher,et al.  Significance of depression and cognitive impairment in patients undergoing programed stimulation of cardiac arrhythmias. , 1987, Psychosomatic medicine.

[18]  N. Frasure-smith,et al.  Depression following myocardial infarction. Impact on 6-month survival. , 1993, JAMA.

[19]  A. Stewart,et al.  The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. , 1989, JAMA.

[20]  Phyllis K. Stein,et al.  Association of depression witk reduced heart rate variability in coronary artery disease , 1995 .

[21]  J. Bigger,et al.  Cardiovascular effects of imipramine and bupropion in depressed patients with congestive heart failure. , 1987, Journal of clinical psychopharmacology.

[22]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring depression. , 1961, Archives of general psychiatry.

[23]  K. Davis,et al.  Overview: toward a dysregulation hypothesis of depression. , 1985, The American journal of psychiatry.

[24]  K Kroenke,et al.  Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. , 1994, JAMA.

[25]  J. Bigger,et al.  The safety of tricyclic antidepressants in cardiac patients. Risk-benefit reconsidered. , 1993, JAMA.

[26]  B. Pollock,et al.  Newer antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system. , 1996, The American journal of psychiatry.

[27]  R. Carney,et al.  Major depressive disorder in coronary artery disease. , 1987, The American journal of cardiology.

[28]  J. Bigger,et al.  Cardiac antiarrhythmic effect of imipramine hydrochloride. , 1977, The New England journal of medicine.

[29]  R. Kessler,et al.  The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. , 1994, The American journal of psychiatry.

[30]  R. Robinson,et al.  Depression following Myocardial Infarction: A One Year Longitudinal Study , 1994, International journal of psychiatry in medicine.

[31]  M. J. Stern,et al.  Life adjustment postmyocardial infarction: determining predictive variables. , 1977, Archives of internal medicine.

[32]  R. Carney,et al.  Depression in patients with coronary heart disease. A 12-month follow-up. , 1996, General hospital psychiatry.

[33]  R. Carney,et al.  Ventricular tachycardia and psychiatric depression in patients with coronary artery disease. , 1993, The American journal of medicine.

[34]  R. Carney,et al.  Underdiagnosis of Depression in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: The Role of Nonspecific Symptoms , 1992, International journal of psychiatry in medicine.

[35]  R. Carney,et al.  Major depressive disorder predicts cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. , 1988, Psychosomatic medicine.

[36]  R. Mayou,et al.  Psychosocial adjustment in patients one year after myocardial infarction. , 1978, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[37]  P. T. Larsson,et al.  Effects of stress and beta-blockade on platelet function. , 1991, Circulation.

[38]  M. Esler,et al.  The peripheral kinetics of norepinephrine in depressive illness. , 1982, Archives of general psychiatry.

[39]  J Ormel,et al.  Disability and depression among high utilizers of health care. A longitudinal analysis. , 1992, Archives of general psychiatry.

[40]  G. Breithardt,et al.  Factors which provoke post-infarction depression: results from the post-infarction late potential study (PILP). , 1992, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[41]  R. Robinson,et al.  Depression following Myocardial Infarction , 1992, International journal of psychiatry in medicine.

[42]  J. Bigger,et al.  Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic antidepressants. A review. , 1981, Archives of general psychiatry.

[43]  D. Ahern,et al.  Biobehavioral variables and mortality or cardiac arrest in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS). , 1990, The American journal of cardiology.