Noteworthy Record of a Black Howler Monkey (Alouatta caraya) from the Central Dry Chaco of Paraguay

Variability in food-processing behavior among white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Am.site differences in foraging behavior of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am. Demography of palm species in Brazil's Atlantic forest: a comparison of harvested and unharvested species using matrix models. ferramentas por Cebus apella (Linnaeus) (Primates, Cebi-dae) para obtenção de larvas de Coleoptera que parasitam sementes de Syagrus romanzoffianum (Cham.) Glassm. seed dispersal by spider monkeys limits recruitment to clumped patterns in Virola calophylla. Population regulation of a dominant rain forest tree by a major seed predator. Begging and transfer of coati meat by white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus. Howler monkeys (Alouatta) comprise a diverse genus of neotropical primates that range from southern Mexico (A. palliata, A. pigra) to northern Argentina and southeastern Brazil (A. guariba, A. caraya) (Cortés-Ortiz et al., 2003). Howler monkeys are the most folivorous of the Neotropical primates (Terborgh, 1983), and thus must forage for long periods to meet their high energetic demands. The southernmost distributed of the howler species , the South American black howler (A. caraya) has been reported to occur at the highest densities Considered principally an inhabitant of tropical lowland deciduous and semideciduous forests, black howlers are also known to frequent the gallery forests of the Rio Paraguay and Rio Paraná, as well as the seasonally in-In Paraguay, black howlers are mostly associated with inland Atlantic forest fragments in the east and gallery forests of high rainfall in the Chaco (Stallings, 1985; Crock-ett, 1998). However, they have not been reported from the more xeric regions of the Chaco Boreal far from a major drainage system. Stallings and Mittermeier (1983: 161) found that A. caraya was " recorded from the higher forest [of the Chaco Boreal] but seemed to be rare in the region. " However, they made no specific reference to geographic location, as howlers were not the primary subject of their discussion. Furthermore, they did not reference the time of year their primate observations were made. In conducting primate transects at Chaco Defensores National Park, Stallings et al. (1989) failed to record an observation of