Experimental Methodology for Non-Thermal Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Biologics

A complete test system comprising assembled hardware and custom-built software was developed for investigating whether RFID radiation produces significant effects in biologics. Furthermore, we document a method for determining specific absorption rate (S.A.R.) using vials containing 1.5 cc of saline to represent biological samples. This methodology yielded S.A.R. values of approximately 30 W kg−1–150 W kg−1 for 915 MHz and 320 W kg−1–450 W kg−1 for 2.45 GHz. Finally, the key system components – the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell, vial, and saline solution – were modelled using a FDTD software. Through modelling, we obtained values for the absorption as a percentage of the incident power – 0.2% for 915 MHz and 7.32% for 2.45 GHz. These values approximately matched those calculated – 0.36% for 915 MHz and 5.0% for 2.45 GHz.

[1]  S. Pond,et al.  Introductory Dynamical Oceanography , 1983 .

[2]  Evgenii E. Fesenko,et al.  Changes in the state of water, induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields , 1995, FEBS letters.

[3]  Dariusz Leszczynski,et al.  Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects. , 2002, Differentiation; research in biological diversity.

[4]  M. Ishido,et al.  Magnetic fields (MF) of 50 Hz at 1.2 microT as well as 100 microT cause uncoupling of inhibitory pathways of adenylyl cyclase mediated by melatonin 1a receptor in MF-sensitive MCF-7 cells. , 2001, Carcinogenesis.

[5]  E. E. Fesenko,et al.  Dual effects of microwaves on single Ca2+‐activated K+ channels in cultured kidney cells Vero , 1995, FEBS Letters.

[6]  M. de Rosa,et al.  Non‐thermal effects of microwaves on proteins: thermophilic enzymes as model system , 1997, FEBS letters.

[7]  W F Pickard,et al.  On the assumption of negligible heat diffusion during the thermal measurement of a nonuniform specific absorption rate. , 1999, Radiation research.

[8]  R. Gupta,et al.  DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF A MICROWAVE DIRECT CONTACT WATER-LOADED BOX-HORN APPLICATOR FOR THERAPEUTIC HEATING OF BIO-MEDIUM , 2006 .

[9]  S. Pisa,et al.  Specific absorption rate and temperature increases in the head of a cellular-phone user , 2000 .

[10]  D. Archer,et al.  Microwave radiation can alter protein conformation without bulk heating , 2003, FEBS letters.

[11]  T. Hei,et al.  Effects of 60 Hz extremely low frequency magnetic fields (EMF) on radiation- and chemical-induced mutagenesis in mammalian cells. , 2000, Carcinogenesis.

[12]  Daniel W. Engels,et al.  A Method to Investigate Non-Thermal Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation on Pharmaceuticals with Relevance to RFID Technology , 2006, 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[13]  M F Barnothy,et al.  Biological effects of magnetic fields. , 1974, Progress in biometeorology. Division A: Progress in human biometeorology.

[14]  A. Rajhi.  Optimization of the EM heating cycle by using a dual frequency local hyperthermia applicator , 2003 .

[15]  A spheroidal vector wave function analysis of field and SAR distributions in a dielectric prolate spheroidal human head model : Abstract , 1999 .

[16]  C. Swift,et al.  An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies , 1977, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[17]  Guglielmo d'Ambrosio,et al.  Are the conformational dynamics and the ligand binding properties of myoglobin affected by exposure to microwave radiation? , 2003, European Biophysics Journal.

[18]  M. Klemm,et al.  EM ENERGY ABSORPTION IN THE HUMAN BODY TISSUES DUE TO UWB ANTENNAS , 2006 .

[19]  David W. P. Thomas,et al.  Cell biology: Non-thermal heat-shock response to microwaves , 2000, Nature.

[20]  N. Chemeris,et al.  Preliminary microwave irradiation of water solutions changes their channel‐modifying activity , 1995, FEBS letters.

[21]  J. Kong.  Electromagnetic Wave Theory , 1986 .

[22]  A Spheroidal Vector Wave Function Analysis of Field and SAR Distributions in a Dielectric Prolate Spheroidal Human Head Model , 1999 .

[23]  W. R. Adey,et al.  Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats exposed to frequency-modulated microwave fields. , 2000, Cancer research.