Invasive fungal infection in crtically ill patients: hurdles and next challenges

A narrative review from a multidisciplinary task force of experts in critical care medicine and clinical mycology was carried out. The multi drug-resistant species Candida auris has emerged simultaneously on several continents, causing hospital outbreaks, especially in critically ill patients. Although there are not enough data to support the routine use of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in patients subjected to extracorporeal membrane oxygenator, a clear increase of invasive fungal infection (IFI) has been described with the use of this device. Possible IFI treatment failures could be related with suboptimal antifungal concentrations despite dose adjustment. Invasive aspergillosis has become an important life-threating infection in intensive care unit related with new risk factors described. IFI remain important problem in critical patients due to the appearance of new risk factors, new species, and resistance increase. Multidisciplinary packages of measures designed to reduce IFI incidence and improve diagnostics tools may reduce the high mortality associated.

[1]  J. Meis,et al.  An outbreak due to Candida auris with prolonged colonisation and candidaemia in a tertiary care European hospital , 2018, Mycoses.

[2]  P. White,et al.  Analytical and Clinical Evaluation of the PathoNostics AsperGenius Assay for Detection of Invasive Aspergillosis and Resistance to Azole Antifungal Drugs Directly from Plasma Samples , 2017, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[3]  T. Hohl,et al.  Validation of single nucleotide polymorphisms in invasive aspergillosis following hematopoietic cell transplantation. , 2017, Blood.

[4]  J. Timsit,et al.  Intensive care medicine research agenda on invasive fungal infection in critically ill patients , 2017, Intensive Care Medicine.

[5]  Do Wan Kim,et al.  Nosocomial Infection in Adult Patients Undergoing Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation , 2017, Journal of Korean medical science.

[6]  D. D. de Lange,et al.  Population Pharmacokinetic Model and Pharmacokinetic Target Attainment of Micafungin in Intensive Care Unit Patients , 2017, Clinical Pharmacokinetics.

[7]  J. Carbonell,et al.  Optimal doses of caspofungin during continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in critically ill patients , 2017, Critical Care.

[8]  Christina A. Cuomo,et al.  Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses , 2017, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[9]  Brendan R. Jackson,et al.  Investigation of the First Seven Reported Cases of Candida auris, a Globally Emerging Invasive, Multidrug-Resistant Fungus - United States, May 2013-August 2016. , 2016, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[10]  Matthew Fisher,et al.  First hospital outbreak of the globally emerging Candida auris in a European hospital , 2016, Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control.

[11]  J. Meis,et al.  First report of Candida auris in America: Clinical and microbiological aspects of 18 episodes of candidemia. , 2016, The Journal of infection.

[12]  C. Brun-Buisson,et al.  Aspergillus-positive lower respiratory tract samples in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a 10-year retrospective study , 2016, Annals of Intensive Care.

[13]  M. Castanheira,et al.  Antifungal susceptibility patterns of a global collection of fungal isolates: results of the SENTRY Antifungal Surveillance Program (2013). , 2016, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[14]  D. Jeon,et al.  Impact of bloodstream infections on catheter colonization during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation , 2016, Journal of Artificial Organs.

[15]  N. Crum‐Cianflone.  Invasive Aspergillosis Associated With Severe Influenza Infections , 2016, Open forum infectious diseases.

[16]  J. Perfect,et al.  Genetic Susceptibility to Fungal Infections: What is in the Genes? , 2016, Current Clinical Microbiology Reports.

[17]  D. Perlin.  Echinocandin Resistance in Candida. , 2015, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[18]  W. Hope,et al.  Plasma and peritoneal fluid population pharmacokinetics of micafungin in post-surgical patients with severe peritonitis. , 2015, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[19]  P. Hauser,et al.  Prospective Multicenter International Surveillance of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus , 2015, Emerging infectious diseases.

[20]  P. White,et al.  Analytical and Clinical Evaluation of the PathoNostics AsperGenius Assay for Detection of Invasive Aspergillosis and Resistance to Azole Antifungal Drugs during Testing of Serum Samples , 2015, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[21]  P. Bochud,et al.  Host genetics of invasive Aspergillus and Candida infections , 2015, Seminars in Immunopathology.

[22]  M. Wolff,et al.  Worrisome trends in incidence and mortality of candidemia in intensive care units (Paris area, 2002–2010) , 2014, Intensive Care Medicine.

[23]  K. Agarwal,et al.  New Clonal Strain of Candida auris, Delhi, India , 2013, Emerging infectious diseases.

[24]  A. Zangrillo,et al.  Infections occurring in adult patients receiving mechanical circulatory support: the two-year experience of an Italian National Referral Tertiary Care Center. , 2013, Medicina intensiva.

[25]  T. Walsh,et al.  Species-Specific and Drug-Specific Differences in Susceptibility of Candida Biofilms to Echinocandins: Characterization of Less Common Bloodstream Isolates , 2013, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[26]  D. Pilcher,et al.  Infections Acquired by Adults Who Receive Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Risk Factors and Outcome , 2013, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[27]  A. Pavie,et al.  Nosocomial infections in adult cardiogenic shock patients supported by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. , 2012, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[28]  J. Rello,et al.  A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[29]  G. De Domenico,et al.  Ambroxol influences voriconazole resistance of Candida parapsilosis biofilm. , 2012, FEMS yeast research.

[30]  M. Cuéllar-Cruz,et al.  The effect of biomaterials and antifungals on biofilm formation by Candida species: a review , 2012, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[31]  J. Jia,et al.  In Vitro Interactions between Aspirin and Amphotericin B against Planktonic Cells and Biofilm Cells of Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis , 2012, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[32]  M. Castanheira,et al.  Frequency of Decreased Susceptibility and Resistance to Echinocandins among Fluconazole-Resistant Bloodstream Isolates of Candida glabrata , 2012, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[33]  S. Hernáez,et al.  Effect of Amphotericin B Alone or in Combination with Rifampicin or Clarithromycin Against Candida Species Biofilms , 2011, The International journal of artificial organs.

[34]  F. Dromer,et al.  Prior Caspofungin Exposure in Patients with Hematological Malignancies Is a Risk Factor for Subsequent Fungemia Due to Decreased Susceptibility in Candida spp.: a Case-Control Study in Paris, France , 2011, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[35]  P. Gastmeier,et al.  Five-years surveillance of invasive aspergillosis in a university hospital , 2011, BMC infectious diseases.

[36]  D. Kaufman,et al.  Infections acquired during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in neonates, children, and adults* , 2011, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[37]  Hsin-Yun Sun,et al.  Infections occurring during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use in adult patients. , 2010, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[38]  Ronald N. Jones,et al.  Variation in Candida spp. distribution and antifungal resistance rates among bloodstream infection isolates by patient age: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008-2009). , 2010, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[39]  R. Lewis.  Antifungal Therapeutic Drug Monitoring , 2010 .

[40]  W. Graninger,et al.  In vitro activity of antifungal combinations against Candida albicans biofilms. , 2010, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[41]  Geoffrey Liu,et al.  Simvastatin Inhibits Candida albicans Biofilm In Vitro , 2009, Pediatric Research.

[42]  B. Souweine,et al.  Eradication of microorganisms embedded in biofilm by an ethanol-based catheter lock solution. , 2009, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation.

[43]  Cidália Pina-Vaz,et al.  Ibuprofen reverts antifungal resistance on Candida albicans showing overexpression of CDR genes. , 2009, FEMS yeast research.

[44]  P. Annaert,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin and voriconazole in critically ill patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. , 2009, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[45]  H. Yamaguchi,et al.  Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital , 2009, Microbiology and immunology.

[46]  J. Pemán,et al.  Actividad de la anidulafungina sobre biopelículas de Candida , 2008 .

[47]  J. Pemán,et al.  Actividad in vitro de la anfotericina B y la anidulafungina sobre biopelículas de Candida albicans y Candida tropicalis , 2007 .

[48]  J. L. Pozo,et al.  The Challenge of Treating Biofilm‐associated Bacterial Infections , 2007, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[49]  L. J. Douglas,et al.  Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: chemical composition and role in drug resistance. , 2006, Journal of medical microbiology.

[50]  L. Ostrosky-Zeichner,et al.  Invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[51]  F. Colardyn,et al.  Clinical relevance of Aspergillus isolation from respiratory tract samples in critically ill patients , 2006, Critical care.

[52]  J. Garnacho-Montero,et al.  Isolation of Aspergillus spp. from the respiratory tract in critically ill patients: risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome , 2005, Critical care.

[53]  A. Wilmer,et al.  Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients without malignancy. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[54]  S. Stepanović,et al.  Influence of Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) on Biofilm Production by Candida Species , 2004, Journal of chemotherapy.

[55]  N. Matsuda,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and the most suitable dosing regimen of fluconazole in critically ill patients receiving continuous hemodiafiltration , 2003, Intensive Care Medicine.

[56]  M. Joannidis,et al.  Amphotericin B lipid formulations in critically ill patients on continuous veno-venous haemofiltration. , 2003, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[57]  J. Perfect,et al.  The impact of culture isolation of Aspergillus species: a hospital-based survey of aspergillosis. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[58]  R. Donlan.  Biofilm formation: a clinically relevant microbiological process. , 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[59]  Hao Wang,et al.  The Differences in the Epidemiology and Predictors of Death between Candidemia Acquired in Intensive Care Units and Other Hospital Settings. , 2015, Internal medicine.

[60]  I. Raad,et al.  Biofilm-based central line-associated bloodstream infections. , 2015, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[61]  J. Garnacho-Montero,et al.  [Invasive fungal infection in critically ill patients]. , 2012, Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica.

[62]  L. Bouadma,et al.  Potential voriconazole and caspofungin sequestration during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation , 2008, Intensive Care Medicine.