Vulnerability, Income Growth and Climate Change

Cross-country data on energy consumption, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), and a social vulnerability index are used to measure changes in vulnerability associated with changes in per capita GDP and per capita energy consumption. Energy consumption, through its non-linear effect on per capita income, reduces a country’s overall vulnerability by a greater amount at moderate incomes than at low or high incomes. An implication is that policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions in developing countries are unlikely to significantly affect vulnerability to the risks arising from climate change, especially at very low incomes.

[1]  Chien-Chiang Lee,et al.  Energy consumption and GDP in developing countries: A cointegrated panel analysis , 2005 .

[2]  T. Prentice,et al.  World Health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting health life , 2002 .

[3]  T. Panayotou.  Economic Growth and the Environment , 2000 .

[4]  Harold E. Brooks,et al.  Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[5]  B. Wisner,et al.  At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters , 1996 .

[6]  Jean-Pascal van Ypersele de Strihou.  Overview of Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability to Climate Change , 2001 .

[7]  A. Dinar,et al.  The distributional impact of climate change on rich and poor countries , 2006, Environment and Development Economics.

[8]  K. Watkins.  Human Development Report 2006 - Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis , 2006 .

[9]  R. Naylor,et al.  Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity with Unprecedented Seasonal Heat , 2009, Science.

[10]  P. Narayan,et al.  The electricity consumption and GDP nexus for the Fiji Islands , 2007 .

[11]  Shawn D. Knabb,et al.  Stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions: Assessing the intergenerational costs and benefits of the Kyoto Protocol , 2005 .

[12]  M. Skidmore,et al.  Economic Development and the Impacts of Natural Disasters , 2007 .

[13]  N. Diffenbaugh,et al.  Fine-scale processes regulate the response of extreme events to global climate change. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  Chun-Ping Chang,et al.  Energy consumption and GDP revisited: A panel analysis of developed and developing countries , 2007 .

[15]  Eden S. H. Yu,et al.  The relationship between energy and GNP: Further results , 1984 .

[16]  C. Sims.  Money, Income, and Causality , 1972 .

[17]  D. Stern.  The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve , 2004 .

[18]  David I. Stern,et al.  Energy and economic growth in the USA: A multivariate approach , 1993 .

[19]  B. Soden,et al.  Atmospheric Warming and the Amplification of Precipitation Extremes , 2008, Science.

[20]  D. Holtz-eakin,et al.  Stoking the Fires? Co2 Emissions and Economic Growth , 1992 .

[21]  N. Shafik.  Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis , 1994 .

[22]  G. Fischer,et al.  Millions at risk: defining critical climate change threats and targets , 2001 .

[23]  Ramazan Sari,et al.  The growth of income and energy consumption in six developing countries , 2007 .

[24]  P. Stott,et al.  Anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in England and Wales in autumn 2000 , 2011, Nature.

[25]  I. Goklany.  Integrated strategies to reduce vulnerability and advance adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development , 2007 .

[26]  David I. Stern,et al.  A multivariate cointegration analysis of the role of energy in the US macroeconomy , 2000 .

[27]  I. Goklany.  What to Do about Climate Change , 2008 .

[28]  K. Emanuel.  Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years , 2005, Nature.

[29]  René M.J. Benders,et al.  Modeling Energy and Development: an Evaluation of Models and Concepts , 2008 .

[30]  Chien-Chiang Lee,et al.  The causality relationship between energy consumption and GDP in G-11 countries revisited , 2006 .

[31]  H. Eakin.  Institutional change, climate risk, and rural vulnerability: Cases from Central Mexico , 2005 .

[32]  David Strömberg.  Natural Disasters, Economic Development, and Humanitarian Aid , 2007 .

[33]  K. Watkins.  Human Development Report 2007/2008: fighting climate change , 2007 .

[34]  Matthew E. Kahn.  The Death Toll from Natural Disasters: The Role of Income, Geography and Institutions , 2005 .

[35]  G. Hegerl,et al.  Human contribution to more-intense precipitation extremes , 2011, Nature.

[36]  Edward B. Barbier,et al.  Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development , 1996 .

[37]  Gustav Ranis,et al.  A theory of economic development. , 1961 .

[38]  W. Adger.  Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and Extremes in Coastal Vietnam , 1999 .

[39]  C. Granger.  Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods , 1969 .

[40]  J. Morduch.  Poverty and Vulnerability , 1994 .

[41]  J. MacKinnon,et al.  Estimation and inference in econometrics , 1994 .

[42]  C. Granger.  Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods , 1969 .

[43]  Thomas C. Schelling,et al.  Some economics of global warming , 1992 .

[44]  Kihoon Lee,et al.  CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GDP REVISITED: THE CASE OF KOREA 1970-1999 , 2004 .

[45]  Richard Blundell,et al.  An Exogeneity Test for a Simultaneous Equation Tobit Model with an Application to Labor Supply , 1986 .

[46]  C. S. Holling,et al.  Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment , 1995, Environment and Development Economics.

[47]  J. Schumpeter,et al.  The Theory of Economic Development , 2017 .

[48]  Catherine L. Kling,et al.  Confidence Intervals for Elasticities and Flexibilities: Reevaluating the Ratios of Normals Case , 1990 .

[49]  W. Cline.  Economics of Global Warming, The , 1992 .

[50]  T. Selden,et al.  Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions? , 1994 .

[51]  Peter E. Hilsenrath,et al.  The World Health Report 2000 , 2002 .

[52]  J. Tobey.  Economic development and environmental management in the Third World , 1989 .

[53]  T. Downing,et al.  Distributional aspects of climate change impacts , 2004 .

[54]  Wilfred Beckerman,et al.  Economic growth and the environment: Whose growth? whose environment? , 1992 .