Relacks

The increasing number of embedded, plugged-in radios around homes and offices in everyday objects such as appliances, TVs, and smart speakers provides an excellent opportunity to bring ultra-low-power backscatter connectivity to billions of devices. However, backscatter links suffer from high loss due to two consecutive propagations and have to operate on narrow link-budget margins, which makes them more susceptible to multipath losses in indoor environments. To address this, we propose a closed-loop backscatter system that exploits diversity sources such as communication frequency and transceivers antennas based on the channel metrics to deliver reliable coverage over an entire area. We prototype a backscatter system with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) transceivers and BLE compatible tags and deploy it in several multipath rich indoor environments. Our evaluations show that we can successfully communicate with a backscatter tag in a 50m2 indoor area. The proposed algorithm for selecting communication parameters achieves an average 2.7 × success rate compared to the random selection while satisfying FCC output power requirements for frequency hopping transceivers.

[1]  Luc Martens,et al.  The industrial indoor channel: large-scale and temporal fading at 900, 2400, and 5200 MHz , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[2]  Sachin Katti,et al.  FreeRider: Backscatter Communication Using Commodity Radios , 2017, CoNEXT.

[3]  Ali Abedi,et al.  WiTAG: Rethinking Backscatter Communication for WiFi Networks , 2018, HotNets.

[4]  Sudhakar Pamarti,et al.  A Quick Startup Technique for High- $Q$ Oscillators Using Precisely Timed Energy Injection , 2018, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[5]  Xin Liu,et al.  Passive-ZigBee: Enabling ZigBee Communication in IoT Networks with 1000X+ Less Power Consumption , 2018, SenSys.

[6]  David Wetherall,et al.  Recognizing daily activities with RFID-based sensors , 2009, UbiComp.

[7]  Edwin C. Kan,et al.  3D real-time indoor localization via broadband nonlinear backscatter in passive devices with centimeter precision , 2016, MobiCom.

[8]  Joshua R. Smith,et al.  LoRa Backscatter , 2017, Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol..

[9]  Xiaojiang Chen,et al.  PLoRa: a passive long-range data network from ambient LoRa transmissions , 2018, SIGCOMM.

[10]  Matthew S. Reynolds,et al.  A 1 Mbps 158 pJ/bit Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Compatible Backscatter Communication Uplink for Wireless Neural Recording in an Animal Cage Environment , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID).

[11]  Mohammad Rostami,et al.  Enabling Practical Backscatter Communication for On-body Sensors , 2016, SIGCOMM.

[12]  Shyamnath Gollakota,et al.  3D Localization for Sub-Centimeter Sized Devices , 2018, SenSys.

[13]  Rajeev Piyare,et al.  Ultra Low Power Wake-Up Radios: A Hardware and Networking Survey , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[14]  Mary Ann Ingram,et al.  Measurements of small-scale fading and path loss for long range RF tags , 2003 .

[15]  Deepak Ganesan,et al.  BLINK: a high throughput link layer for backscatter communication , 2012, MobiSys '12.

[16]  Joshua R. Smith,et al.  Inter-Technology Backscatter: Towards Internet Connectivity for Implanted Devices , 2016, SIGCOMM.

[17]  Donald C. Cox,et al.  Antenna Diversity Performance in Mitigating the Effects of Portable Radiotelephone Orientation and Multipath Propagation , 1983, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[18]  Gregory D Durgin,et al.  Multipath Fading Measurements at 5.8 GHz for Backscatter Tags With Multiple Antennas , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[19]  James Rosenthal,et al.  A 25 Mbps, 12.4 pJ/b DQPSK Backscatter Data Uplink for the NeuroDisc Brain–Computer Interface , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[20]  A. Lázaro,et al.  Radio Link Budgets for UHF RFID on Multipath Environments , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[21]  Yang Zhang,et al.  Sozu: Self-Powered Radio Tags for Building-Scale Activity Sensing , 2019, UIST.

[22]  Yunhao Liu,et al.  Exploiting channel diversity for rate adaptation in backscatter communication networks , 2016, IEEE INFOCOM 2016 - The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[23]  Gabriel M. Rebeiz,et al.  A Near-Zero-Power Wake-Up Receiver Achieving −69-dBm Sensitivity , 2018, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[24]  Dong In Kim,et al.  Ambient Backscatter Communications: A Contemporary Survey , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[25]  Ani Nahapetian,et al.  Mobile Computing, Applications, and Services , 2011, Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

[26]  Petar M. Djuric,et al.  BARNET: Towards Activity Recognition Using Passive Backscattering Tag-to-Tag Network , 2018, MobiSys.

[27]  Matthew S. Reynolds,et al.  BLE-Backscatter: Ultralow-Power IoT Nodes Compatible With Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy (BLE) Smartphones and Tablets , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[28]  Xinbing Wang,et al.  OFDMA-Enabled Wi-Fi Backscatter , 2019, MobiCom.

[29]  Helmut Bölcskei,et al.  Space-frequency coded MIMO-OFDM with variable multiplexing-diversity tradeoff , 2003, IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2003. ICC '03..

[30]  Peter R. Kinget,et al.  28.1 A 0.42nW 434MHz -79.1dBm Wake-Up Receiver with a Time-Domain Integrator , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC).

[31]  Ali Najafi,et al.  NetScatter: Enabling Large-Scale Backscatter Networks , 2018, NSDI.

[32]  Fadel Adib,et al.  3D Backscatter Localization for Fine-Grained Robotics , 2019, NSDI.

[33]  Thiemo Voigt,et al.  LoRea: A Backscatter Architecture that Achieves a Long Communication Range , 2016, SenSys.

[34]  Joshua R. Smith,et al.  Battery-Free Wireless Video Streaming Camera System , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID).

[35]  Simon L. Cotton,et al.  A Statistical Analysis of Indoor Multipath Fading for a Narrowband Wireless Body Area Network , 2006, 2006 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[36]  K. Pahlavan,et al.  On the modeling of fading multipath indoor radio channels , 1989, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 1989, and Exhibition. 'Communications Technology for the 1990s and Beyond.

[37]  Ranveer Chandra,et al.  Glaze: Overlaying Occupied Spectrum with Downlink IoT Transmissions , 2019, Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol..

[38]  Joshua R. Smith,et al.  PASSIVE WI-FI: Bringing Low Power to Wi-Fi Transmissions , 2016, GETMBL.

[39]  Jiangchuan Liu,et al.  Spatial Stream Backscatter Using Commodity WiFi , 2018, MobiSys.

[40]  Lei Yang,et al.  Wireless Computer Vision Using Commodity Radios , 2019, 2019 18th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN).

[41]  Abeer Ahmad,et al.  Collaborative Channel Estimation in Backscattering Tag-to-Tag Networks , 2019, DFHS@BuildSys.

[42]  Meng Jin,et al.  Canon: Exploiting Channel Diversity for Reliable Parallel Decoding in Backscatter Communication , 2018, 2018 IEEE 26th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP).

[43]  Masao Nakagawa,et al.  Performance of orthogonal multicarrier CDMA in a multipath fading channel , 1994, IEEE Trans. Commun..