Fundamental noise limit in dual-pump fiber-optic parametric amplifiers and wavelength converters

Raman scattering induces considerable noise on dual-pump fiber-optic parametric amplifiers (FOPAs) and wavelength converters. Noise figure of such FOPAs is around 4 dB over the flat portion of gain spectrum and increases as pumps are separated farther apart. Such noise is significantly reduced in FOPAs with cross-polarized pumps.