Modeling and experimental verification of a fractional damping quad-stable energy harvesting system for use in wireless sensor networks

Abstract This paper presents the theoretical modeling and experimental verification of a quad-stable non-linear electromagnetic-induction energy harvesting (QEH) system. The suspended magnet of the QEH system consists of two aluminum caps that are circumferentially filled with copper beads for smooth axial movement. A QEH system model having fractional damping is established. Experimental investigations reveal non-linear phenomena of magnet movement such as chaos and bifurcations. The quad-stable mechanism is analyzed by virtue of Poincare sections, bifurcation diagrams, and stroboscopic sampling in relation to the suspended magnet length and QEH system configurations. The results indicate that the length of the suspended magnet is a key parameter, and its change can give rise to the subcritical and super pitchfork bifurcations as well as the saddle-node bifurcations. Compared with the linear oscillator and mono-stable nonlinear system, the QEH system by magnetic levitation oscillations can stimulate more singular points (i.e. equilibrium points) of the magnetic force potential, and thus possesses the capability of energy harvesting across a wider frequency range as well as deliver more output current to the electric load through snap-through movements of suspended magnets. Therefore it is capable of directly driving sensor circuits for use in the wireless sensor network.

[1]  Rong Chen,et al.  Design and Verification of a Rail-Borne Energy Harvester for Powering Wireless Sensor Networks in the Railway Industry , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[2]  Ping Wang,et al.  Dynamic modeling and experimental investigation of self-powered sensor nodes for freight rail transport , 2020 .

[3]  H. Kulah,et al.  An Electromagnetic Micro Power Generator for Low-Frequency Environmental Vibrations Based on the Frequency Upconversion Technique , 2009, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[4]  Ki‐Hyun Kim,et al.  Piezoelectric energy harvesters for biomedical applications , 2019, Nano Energy.

[5]  Victoria J. Hodge,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks for Condition Monitoring in the Railway Industry: A Survey , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[6]  Susumu Sugiyama,et al.  A micro electromagnetic low level vibration energy harvester based on MEMS technology , 2009 .

[7]  Jian Wang,et al.  Numerical investigation on effect of the relative motion of stock/switch rails on the load transfer distribution along the switch panel in high-speed railway turnout , 2019 .

[8]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  Enabling technologies for wireless body area networks: A survey and outlook , 2009, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[9]  Shashank Priya,et al.  Pen harvester for powering a pulse rate sensor , 2009 .

[10]  Xiaolin Tang,et al.  A novel simplified model for torsional vibration analysis of a series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle , 2017 .

[11]  Yang Jian,et al.  Vibration energy harvesting system for railroad safety based on running vehicles , 2014 .

[12]  R. Feynman,et al.  RECENT APPLICATIONS OF FRACTIONAL CALCULUS TO SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING , 2003 .

[13]  Zhiyong Zhou,et al.  A broadband quad-stable energy harvester and its advantages over bi-stable harvester: Simulation and experiment verification , 2017 .

[14]  K. Najafi,et al.  A VIBRATION HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE HEALTH MONITORING APPLICATIONS , 2010 .

[15]  Alper Erturk,et al.  Enhanced broadband piezoelectric energy harvesting using rotatable magnets , 2013 .

[16]  Ping Wang,et al.  Condition monitoring of urban rail transit by local energy harvesting , 2018, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[17]  Qinxue Tan,et al.  A monostable piezoelectric energy harvester for broadband low-level excitations , 2018 .

[18]  Paul Woafo,et al.  Resonant oscillations and fractal basin boundaries of a particle in a φ6 potential , 2002 .

[19]  Chunlin Zhang,et al.  Statistical quantification of DC power generated by bistable piezoelectric energy harvesters when driven by random excitations , 2019, Journal of Sound and Vibration.

[20]  Jingtao Du,et al.  Investigation of the lever mechanism for bistable nonlinear energy harvesting under Gaussian-type stochastic excitations , 2018, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics.

[21]  S. Rahmanian,et al.  Efficient energy harvesting from nonlinear vibrations of PZT beam under simultaneous resonances , 2019, Energy.

[22]  Sheng Liu,et al.  Design and Fabrication of a Magnetic Propulsion System for Self-Propelled Capsule Endoscope , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[23]  Yanping Yuan,et al.  A portable high-efficiency electromagnetic energy harvesting system using supercapacitors for renewable energy applications in railroads , 2016 .

[24]  K. Lai,et al.  Promoting sustainability of manufacturing industry through the lean energy-saving and emission-reduction strategy. , 2019, The Science of the total environment.

[25]  Chen Weishan.  Frequency Analysis and Electricity Generated by Multiple Piezoelectric Cantilevers in Energy Harvesting , 2010 .

[26]  R. B. Yates,et al.  Analysis Of A Micro-electric Generator For Microsystems , 1995, Proceedings of the International Solid-State Sensors and Actuators Conference - TRANSDUCERS '95.

[27]  Yasuki Kansha,et al.  Design of energy harvesting wireless sensors using magnetic phase transition , 2019, Energy.

[28]  Yuan Wang,et al.  Experimental investigation of non-linear multi-stable electromagnetic-induction energy harvesting mechanism by magnetic levitation oscillation , 2018, Applied Energy.

[29]  Neil D. Sims,et al.  Energy harvesting from the nonlinear oscillations of magnetic levitation , 2009 .

[30]  Haithem E. Taha,et al.  Nonlinear characteristics of an autoparametric vibration system , 2017 .

[31]  P Woafo,et al.  Analysis of tristable energy harvesting system having fractional order viscoelastic material. , 2015, Chaos.

[32]  Daniel J. Inman,et al.  An experimentally validated bimorph cantilever model for piezoelectric energy harvesting from base excitations , 2009 .

[33]  Andreas Greiner,et al.  A Low-Cost Electromagnetic Generator for Vibration Energy Harvesting , 2011, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[34]  Daigo Miki,et al.  A MEMS electret generator with electrostatic levitation for vibration-driven energy-harvesting applications , 2010 .

[35]  Rong Chen,et al.  Assessing the fast non-Hertzian methods based on the simulation of wheel–rail rolling contact and wear distribution , 2020, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit.

[36]  Shengxi Zhou,et al.  Nonlinear dynamic analysis of asymmetric tristable energy harvesters for enhanced energy harvesting , 2018, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul..

[37]  M. Ghodsi,et al.  Modeling and characterization of permendur cantilever beam for energy harvesting , 2019, Energy.

[38]  Pankaj Wahi,et al.  Averaging Oscillations with Small Fractional Damping and Delayed Terms , 2004 .

[39]  Haisheng Yu,et al.  Research on the energy control of a dual-motor hybrid vehicle during engine start-stop process , 2019, Energy.

[40]  Yan Jiang,et al.  A new hybrid framework for probabilistic wind speed prediction using deep feature selection and multi-error modification , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[41]  Saibal Roy,et al.  A micro electromagnetic generator for vibration energy harvesting , 2007 .

[43]  Brian P. Mann,et al.  Investigations of a nonlinear energy harvester with a bistable potential well , 2010 .

[44]  Jian Yang,et al.  Nonlinear characteristic of a circular composite plate energy harvester: experiments and simulations , 2017 .

[45]  Ahmad Zubair,et al.  Two-dimensional MoS2-enabled flexible rectenna for Wi-Fi-band wireless energy harvesting , 2019, Nature.

[46]  Wei Wang,et al.  Low-frequency wideband vibration energy harvesting by using frequency up-conversion and quin-stable nonlinearity , 2017 .

[47]  Ping Wang,et al.  Harvesting thermoelectric energy from railway track , 2019, Energy.

[48]  Mingyuan Gao,et al.  Self-Powered ZigBee Wireless Sensor Nodes for Railway Condition Monitoring , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[49]  Junyi Cao,et al.  Broadband tristable energy harvester: Modeling and experiment verification , 2014 .

[50]  Saibal Roy,et al.  Self-powered autonomous wireless sensor node using vibration energy harvesting , 2008 .

[51]  Chang-Hyeon Ji,et al.  Impact-based piezoelectric vibration energy harvester , 2018 .

[52]  Li-Qun Chen,et al.  Experimental identification of hardening and softening nonlinearity in circular laminated plates , 2017 .