Path Loss Models for Low-Height Mobiles in Forest and Urban

This paper presents path loss measurements at 2.1 GHz in forest and urban areas. Empirical path loss models have been presented for low-height dual-mobility channels. Three test scenarios are considered for the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) placed inside the test vehicle or on a test cart pushed at walking speed. Based on measurements, the in-leaf and single-slope path loss models are presented. The path loss exponents for the dual-mobility channels are found to be between 2.1 and 3.4 in urban and 8.0 in forest, with higher reference when antennas are placed inside the vehicle.

[1]  Fredrik Tufvesson,et al.  Characterization of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Radio Channels from Measurements at 5.2 GHz , 2009, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[2]  G. Swenson,et al.  Radio wave propagation through woods , 1999 .

[3]  C. Hall,et al.  Measurements of the vehicle penetration loss characteristics at 800 MHz , 1998, VTC '98. 48th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Pathway to Global Wireless Revolution (Cat. No.98CH36151).

[4]  David W. Matolak,et al.  Vehicle–Vehicle Channel Models for the 5-GHz Band , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[5]  David W. Matolak,et al.  5-GHz-Band Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels: Models for Multiple Values of Channel Bandwidth , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[6]  Fredrik Tufvesson,et al.  Path Loss Modeling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[7]  Andreas F. Molisch,et al.  Wireless Communications , 2005 .

[8]  Mark A. Weissberger,et al.  An initial critical summary of models for predicting the attenuation of radio waves by trees , 1982 .

[9]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-Advanced , 2010, Phys. Commun..

[10]  M. Al-Nuaimi,et al.  Measurements and prediction model optimisation for signal attenuation in vegetation media at centimetre wave frequencies , 1998 .

[11]  Nicole Fassbinder.  Essentials Of Modern Business Statistics With Microsoft Excel , 2016 .

[12]  Fan Bai,et al.  Mobile Vehicle-to-Vehicle Narrow-Band Channel Measurement and Characterization of the 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) Frequency Band , 2007, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[13]  Luc Martens,et al.  Evaluation of Vehicle Penetration Loss at Wireless Communication Frequencies , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[14]  Mingwei Wu,et al.  Performance Analysis and Computational Complexity Comparison of Sequence Detection Receivers With No Explicit Channel Estimation , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[15]  Dennis J. Sweeney,et al.  Essentials of Modern Business Statistics with Microsoft Excel. Wie Kinder heute erwachsen werden. , 2002 .

[16]  Hisato Iwai,et al.  Multipath Delay Profile Models for ITS in 700MHz Band , 2011, 2011 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall).

[17]  Fredrik Tufvesson,et al.  This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. INVITED PAPER Vehicular Channel Characterization and Its Implications for Wireless System Design and Performan , 2022 .

[18]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Wireless communications - principles and practice , 1996 .

[19]  Yee Hui Lee,et al.  Empirical Near Ground Path Loss Modeling in a Forest at VHF and UHF Bands , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[20]  T. Kneisel,et al.  Portable radio antenna performance in the 150, 450, 800, and 900 MHz bands 'outside' and in-vehicle , 1991 .

[21]  H. B. Riley,et al.  Short range forest channel modeling in the 5 GHz band , 2012, 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP).