Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing in Organic Synthesis

The manufacturing of a three‐dimensional product from a computer‐driven digital model (3D printing) has found extensive applications in several fields. Additive manufacturing technologies offer the possibility to fabricate ad hoc tailored products on demand, at affordable prices, and have been employed to make customized and complex items for actual sale. However, despite the great progress and the countless opportunities offered by the 3D printing technology, surprisingly a relatively limited number of applications have been documented in organic chemistry. This Minireview will focus specifically on the exploitation of additive manufacturing technologies in the synthesis of organic compounds, and, in particular, on the use of 3D‐printed catalysts and 3D printed reactors, and on the fabrication and use of 3D printed flow reactors.

[1]  R. Johnson.  Custom labware: Chemical creativity with 3D printing. , 2012, Nature chemistry.

[2]  Philip J. Kitson,et al.  3D printed high-throughput hydrothermal reactionware for discovery, optimization, and scale-up. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[3]  Chang‐jun Liu,et al.  Three‐dimensional Printing for Catalytic Applications: Current Status and Perspectives , 2017 .

[4]  J. Hein,et al.  Hands-On Data Analysis: Using 3D Printing To Visualize Reaction Progress Surfaces , 2017 .

[5]  S. R. Seagle,et al.  Electron Beam Melting , 1962, Advances in Additive Manufacturing Processes.

[6]  M. Haapala,et al.  A miniaturised 3D printed polypropylene reactor for online reaction analysis by mass spectrometry , 2017 .

[7]  Barry Berman,et al.  3D printing: the new industrial revolution , 2012, IEEE Engineering Management Review.

[8]  Chee Meng Benjamin Ho,et al.  3D printed microfluidics for biological applications. , 2015, Lab on a chip.

[9]  J. A. Lewis.  Direct Ink Writing of 3D Functional Materials , 2006 .

[10]  Steve Edmondson,et al.  3D printed fluidics with embedded analytic functionality for automated reaction optimisation , 2017, Beilstein journal of organic chemistry.

[11]  T. K. Kundra,et al.  Additive Manufacturing Technologies , 2018 .

[12]  D. Blauch,et al.  3D Printers Can Provide an Added Dimension for Teaching Structure–Energy Relationships , 2014 .

[13]  D. Blauch,et al.  3D Printing of Molecular Models with Calculated Geometries and p Orbital Isosurfaces , 2017 .

[14]  Riccardo Porta,et al.  Three Dimensional (3D) Printing : a Straightforward, User-Friendly Protocol To Convert Virtual Chemical Models to Real-Life Objects , 2015 .

[15]  Bastian E. Rapp,et al.  Let there be chip—towards rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices: one-step manufacturing processes , 2011 .

[16]  Ian D. Williams.  Metal-organic frameworks: 3D frameworks from 3D printers. , 2014, Nature chemistry.

[17]  W. Bonrath,et al.  A porous structured reactor for hydrogenation reactions , 2015 .

[18]  John Irwin,et al.  Life-cycle economic analysis of distributed manufacturing with open-source 3-D printers , 2013, Mechatronics.

[19]  M. Mehrali,et al.  A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering: selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing , 2015, Science and technology of advanced materials.

[20]  L. Froyen,et al.  Selective laser melting of iron-based powder , 2004 .

[21]  V. Ananikov,et al.  Visible light mediated metal-free thiol–yne click reaction† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02132h Click here for additional data file. , 2016, Chemical science.

[22]  Duc Truong Pham,et al.  A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies , 1998 .

[23]  V. Ananikov,et al.  Three-Dimensional Printing with Biomass-Derived PEF for Carbon-Neutral Manufacturing. , 2017, Angewandte Chemie.

[24]  Applying Hand-Held 3D Printing Technology to the Teaching of VSEPR Theory , 2016 .

[25]  J. Azuaje,et al.  An efficient and recyclable 3D printed α-Al2O3 catalyst for the multicomponent assembly of bioactive heterocycles , 2017 .

[26]  Albert Folch,et al.  The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics. , 2016, Lab on a chip.

[27]  Sangeeta N Bhatia,et al.  Three-dimensional tissue fabrication. , 2004, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[28]  Philip J. Kitson,et al.  Configurable 3D-Printed millifluidic and microfluidic 'lab on a chip' reactionware devices. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[29]  Leroy Cronin,et al.  3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemistry , 2013, Beilstein journal of organic chemistry.

[30]  J. Kruth,et al.  A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti–6Al–4V , 2010 .

[31]  Leroy Cronin,et al.  Combining 3D printing and liquid handling to produce user-friendly reactionware for chemical synthesis and purification , 2013 .

[32]  Yong Huang,et al.  Cell and organ printing turns 15: Diverse research to commercial transitions , 2013 .

[33]  John R. Tumbleston,et al.  Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects , 2015, Science.

[34]  A. Teplukhin,et al.  Visualization of Potential Energy Function Using an Isoenergy Approach and 3D Prototyping , 2015 .

[35]  Weibiao Zhou,et al.  An Overview of 3D Printing Technologies for Food Fabrication , 2015, Food and Bioprocess Technology.

[36]  Philip J. Kitson,et al.  Integrated 3D-printed reactionware for chemical synthesis and analysis. , 2012, Nature chemistry.

[37]  T Monaghan,et al.  Customisable 3D printed microfluidics for integrated analysis and optimisation. , 2016, Lab on a chip.

[38]  B. Szulc,et al.  Three-Dimensional Printing of a Scalable Molecular Model and Orbital Kit for Organic Chemistry Teaching and Learning , 2017 .

[39]  Kurt Busch,et al.  Three‐Dimensional Nanostructures for Photonics , 2010 .

[40]  W. Bauer,et al.  Three-dimensional printing of transparent fused silica glass , 2017, Nature.

[41]  Margaret A Franzen,et al.  Tactile teaching: Exploring protein structure/function using physical models * , 2006, Biochemistry and molecular biology education : a bimonthly publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

[42]  Steve Edmondson,et al.  Design and additive manufacture for flow chemistry. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[43]  Dino Di Carlo,et al.  Research highlights: printing the future of microfabrication. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[44]  J. Namyslo,et al.  Sonogashira coupling in 3D-printed NMR cuvettes: synthesis and properties of arylnaphthylalkynes , 2017 .

[45]  Bethany C Gross,et al.  Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  V. Ananikov,et al.  Analysis of 3D printing possibilities for the development of practical applications in synthetic organic chemistry , 2016, Russian Chemical Bulletin.

[47]  M. Pohanka.  Three-Dimensional Printing in Analytical Chemistry: Principles and Applications , 2016 .

[48]  Leroy Cronin,et al.  Continuous parallel ESI-MS analysis of reactions carried out in a bespoke 3D printed device , 2013, Beilstein journal of nanotechnology.

[49]  Ryan B. Wicker,et al.  Microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam-rapid manufactured Ti–6Al–4V biomedical prototypes compared to wrought Ti–6Al–4V , 2009 .

[50]  Leroy Cronin,et al.  The digital code driven autonomous synthesis of ibuprofen automated in a 3D-printer-based robot , 2016, Beilstein journal of organic chemistry.

[51]  S. Rossi,et al.  Stereoselective Catalytic Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Homemade 3D-Printed Mesoreactors. , 2017, Angewandte Chemie.

[52]  J. Mendez,et al.  Creating and Using Interactive, 3D-Printed Models to Improve Student Comprehension of the Bohr Model of the Atom, Bond Polarity, and Hybridization , 2016 .

[53]  J. Azuaje,et al.  3D printing of a heterogeneous copper-based catalyst , 2016 .

[54]  W. L. Jorgensen,et al.  Illustrating Concepts in Physical Organic Chemistry with 3D Printed Orbitals , 2015 .

[55]  Paulo Jorge Da Silva bartolo,et al.  Stereolithography: Materials, Processes and Applications , 2011 .

[56]  Tejas Bhatelia,et al.  Combining additive manufacturing and catalysis: a review , 2017 .

[57]  I. Ursan,et al.  Three-dimensional drug printing: a structured review. , 2013, Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA.

[58]  F. Melchels,et al.  A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[59]  Joshua M. Pearce,et al.  Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware , 2012, Science.

[60]  Anthony K. Au,et al.  Mikrofluidik aus dem 3D‐Drucker , 2016 .

[61]  M. Bowser,et al.  3D Printed Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis Device. , 2016, Analytical chemistry.

[62]  Wei Chen,et al.  3D printing of versatile reactionware for chemical synthesis , 2016, Nature Protocols.

[63]  Keir H. Fogarty,et al.  Do-It-Yourself: 3D Models of Hydrogenic Orbitals through 3D Printing , 2016 .

[64]  Ibrahim T. Ozbolat,et al.  A review on design for bioprinting , 2016 .

[65]  L. Murr,et al.  Multi-material metallic structure fabrication using electron beam melting , 2014 .

[66]  Savas Tasoglu,et al.  3D-printed microfluidic devices , 2016, Biofabrication.

[67]  Yong Chen,et al.  A Fast Mask Projection Stereolithography Process for Fabricating Digital Models in Minutes , 2012 .

[68]  L. Froyen,et al.  Fundamentals of Selective Laser Melting of alloyed steel powders , 2006 .

[69]  Christian H. Hornung,et al.  Use of Catalytic Static Mixers for Continuous Flow Gas–Liquid and Transfer Hydrogenations in Organic Synthesis , 2017 .

[70]  Sanjay Kumar.  Selective laser sintering: A qualitative and objective approach , 2003 .

[71]  Christopher J. Sutcliffe,et al.  Selective laser melting of aluminium components , 2011 .

[72]  Christian H. Hornung,et al.  Continuous flow hydrogenations using novel catalytic static mixers inside a tubular reactor , 2017 .

[73]  Albert Folch,et al.  3D-Printed Microfluidics. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.