Lactobacillus fermentum NS9 restores the antibiotic induced physiological and psychological abnormalities in rats.

Gut microbiota play a vital role in maintaining the health of the host. Many factors affect gut microbiota; application of broad range antibiotics disturb microbiota, while probiotic application protects the microbiota. To investigate how probiotics alter the physiological and psychological changes induced by antibiotics, we tested the performance of ampicillin-treated rats in the presence or absence of Lactobacillus fermentum strain NS9, in elevated plus maze and Morris water maze. The results showed that NS9 normalised the composition of gut microbiota and alleviated the ampicillin-induced inflammation in the colon. The levels of the mineralocorticoid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors were also elevated in the hippocampus of the ampillicin+NS9 treated group. NS9 administration also reduced the anxiety-like behaviour and alleviated the ampicillin-induced impairment in memory retention. These findings suggest that NS9 is beneficial to the host, because it restores the physiological and psychological abnormalities induced by ampicillin. Our results highlight how gut contents regulate the brain, and shed light on the clinical applications of probiotics to treat the side effect of antibiotics and mental disorders.

[1]  Ajaykumar N. Sharma,et al.  Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist prevents development of tolerance to anti-anxiety effect of ethanol and withdrawal-induced anxiety in rats , 2014, Metabolic Brain Disease.

[2]  G. Perdigón,et al.  Influence of a probiotic lactobacillus strain on the intestinal ecosystem in a stress model mouse , 2014, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[3]  J. Clemente,et al.  Gut Microbiota from Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice , 2013, Science.

[4]  B. Naliboff,et al.  Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity. , 2013, Gastroenterology.

[5]  F. Jin,et al.  Effects of NS lactobacillus strains on lipid metabolism of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet , 2013, Lipids in Health and Disease.

[6]  Rafael Bargiela,et al.  Gut microbiota disturbance during antibiotic therapy: a multi-omic approach , 2012, Gut.

[7]  S. Ahrné,et al.  Green tea powder and Lactobacillus plantarum affect gut microbiota, lipid metabolism and inflammation in high-fat fed C57BL/6J mice , 2012, Nutrition & Metabolism.

[8]  C. Dai,et al.  VSL#3 probiotics exerts the anti-inflammatory activity via PI3k/Akt and NF-κB pathway in rat model of DSS-induced colitis , 2012, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[9]  D. Hodgson,et al.  Effect of Maternal Probiotic Intervention on HPA Axis, Immunity and Gut Microbiota in a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome , 2012, PloS one.

[10]  M. Surette,et al.  The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain , 2012, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[11]  T. Dinan,et al.  Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour , 2012, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[12]  M. Blaser,et al.  Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity , 2012, Nature.

[13]  Fiona Powrie,et al.  Microbiota, Disease, and Back to Health: A Metastable Journey , 2012, Science Translational Medicine.

[14]  M. Segal,et al.  Steroid modulation of hippocampal plasticity: switching between cognitive and emotional memories , 2012, Frontiers in cellular neuroscience.

[15]  B. Berger,et al.  The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut–brain communication , 2011, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

[16]  Stefano Guandalini,et al.  Recommendations for probiotic use-2011 update. , 2011, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[17]  T. Dinan,et al.  Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[18]  K. McCoy,et al.  The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. , 2011, Gastroenterology.

[19]  H. Forssberg,et al.  Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[20]  W. Jackson,et al.  Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice. , 2010, Gastroenterology.

[21]  Cecilia Jernberg,et al.  Long-term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota. , 2010, Microbiology.

[22]  M. Messaoudi,et al.  Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects , 2010, British Journal of Nutrition.

[23]  M. Frisch,et al.  Antibiotic use and inflammatory bowel diseases in childhood , 2010, Gut.

[24]  G. MacQueen,et al.  Bacterial infection causes stress-induced memory dysfunction in mice , 2010, Gut.

[25]  J. Nikkilä,et al.  Effect of a multispecies probiotic supplement on quantity of irritable bowel syndrome-related intestinal microbial phylotypes , 2010, BMC gastroenterology.

[26]  G. Lappas,et al.  Intake of Lactobacillus plantarum Reduces Certain Gastrointestinal Symptoms During Treatment With Antibiotics , 2010, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[27]  S. Alam,et al.  Antibiotic associated diarrhea in children. , 2009, Indian pediatrics.

[28]  S. Dowd,et al.  Memory and learning behavior in mice is temporally associated with diet-induced alterations in gut bacteria , 2009, Physiology & Behavior.

[29]  L. Desbonnet,et al.  The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. , 2008, Journal of psychiatric research.

[30]  R. Tang,et al.  Development of a real‐time PCR method for Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in faeces and its application to quantify intestinal population of obese and lean pigs , 2008, Letters in applied microbiology.

[31]  B. Finlay,et al.  Antibiotic-Induced Perturbations of the Intestinal Microbiota Alter Host Susceptibility to Enteric Infection , 2008, Infection and Immunity.

[32]  R. Sapolsky,et al.  Acute corticosterone treatment is sufficient to induce anxiety and amygdaloid dendritic hypertrophy , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[33]  C. Stasi,et al.  Role of the Brain-Gut Axis in the Pathophysiology of Crohn’s Disease , 2008, Digestive Diseases.

[34]  V. Kallen,et al.  Associations between HPA axis functioning and level of anxiety in children and adolescents with an anxiety disorder , 2008, Depression and anxiety.

[35]  M. Oitzl,et al.  Differential MR/GR Activation in Mice Results in Emotional States Beneficial or Impairing for Cognition , 2007, Neural plasticity.

[36]  G. MacQueen,et al.  Probiotic treatment of rat pups normalises corticosterone release and ameliorates colonic dysfunction induced by maternal separation , 2007, Gut.

[37]  M. Macleod,et al.  Forebrain mineralocorticoid receptor overexpression enhances memory, reduces anxiety and attenuates neuronal loss in cerebral ischaemia , 2007, The European journal of neuroscience.

[38]  J. Rawlins,et al.  Impaired spatial working memory but spared spatial reference memory following functional loss of NMDA receptors in the dentate gyrus , 2007, The European journal of neuroscience.

[39]  C. Elger,et al.  Amelioration of water maze performance deficits by topiramate applied during pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus is negatively dose-dependent , 2007, Epilepsy Research.

[40]  A. Mercenier,et al.  Antibiotic Administration Early in Life Impairs Specific Humoral Responses to an Oral Antigen and Increases Intestinal Mast Cell Numbers and Mediator Concentrations , 2006, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.

[41]  C. J. Fu,et al.  Comparison of agar plate and real‐time PCR on enumeration of Lactobacillus, Clostridium perfringens and total anaerobic bacteria in dog faeces , 2006, Letters in applied microbiology.

[42]  M. Camilleri,et al.  Recommendations for probiotic use. , 2006, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[43]  H. Haas,et al.  Loss of the limbic mineralocorticoid receptor impairs behavioral plasticity. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  B. Winblad,et al.  Transgenic overexpression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the CNS influences behaviour, serum corticosterone and brain monoamines , 2005, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[45]  Y. Chida,et al.  Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system for stress response in mice , 2004, The Journal of physiology.

[46]  W. Khan,et al.  Visceral hyperalgesia and intestinal dysmotility in a mouse model of postinfective gut dysfunction. , 2004, Gastroenterology.

[47]  P. Plotsky,et al.  Long-lasting changes in stress-induced corticosterone response and anxiety-like behaviors as a consequence of neonatal maternal separation in Long–Evans rats , 2002, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[48]  Thomas D. Schmittgen,et al.  Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. , 2001, Methods.

[49]  H. Lipp,et al.  Genetic disruption of mineralocorticoid receptor leads to impaired neurogenesis and granule cell degeneration in the hippocampus of adult mice , 2000, EMBO reports.

[50]  J. Seckl,et al.  Continuous blockade of brain mineralocorticoid receptors impairs spatial learning in rats , 1999, Neuroscience Letters.

[51]  S. Morato,et al.  A comparative study of the effects of morphine in the dorsal periaqueductal gray and nucleus accumbens of rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze test , 1999, Experimental Brain Research.

[52]  S. Tonegawa,et al.  The Essential Role of Hippocampal CA1 NMDA Receptor–Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in Spatial Memory , 1996, Cell.

[53]  R. Morris,et al.  Glucocorticoids, hippocampal corticosteroid receptor gene expression and antidepressant treatment: relationship with spatial learning in young and aged rats , 1995, Neuroscience.

[54]  J. Wallace,et al.  Relationship between arachidonic acid metabolism, myeloperoxidase activity and leukocyte infiltration in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease , 1988, Agents and Actions.

[55]  E. R. Kloet,et al.  Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation. , 1985, Endocrinology.

[56]  W. Maier,et al.  Four cases of reversion to abnormal dexamethasone suppression test response as indicator of clinical relapse: a preliminary report. , 1983, Biological psychiatry.

[57]  J. Vasselli,et al.  Hyperreactivity to aversive diets in rats produced by injections of insulin or tolbutamide, but not by food deprivation , 1979, Physiology & Behavior.

[58]  B. Derrick,et al.  NMDA receptor antagonists sustain LTP and spatial memory: active processes mediate LTP decay , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.