Simulation of wheat growth and development based on organ-level photosynthesis and assimilate allocation.

Intimate relationships exist between form and function of plants, determining many processes governing their growth and development. However, in most crop simulation models that have been created to simulate plant growth and, for example, predict biomass production, plant structure has been neglected. In this study, a detailed simulation model of growth and development of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) is presented, which integrates degree of tillering and canopy architecture with organ-level light interception, photosynthesis, and dry-matter partitioning. An existing spatially explicit 3D architectural model of wheat development was extended with routines for organ-level microclimate, photosynthesis, assimilate distribution within the plant structure according to organ demands, and organ growth and development. Outgrowth of tiller buds was made dependent on the ratio between assimilate supply and demand of the plants. Organ-level photosynthesis, biomass production, and bud outgrowth were simulated satisfactorily. However, to improve crop simulation results more efforts are needed mechanistically to model other major plant physiological processes such as nitrogen uptake and distribution, tiller death, and leaf senescence. Nevertheless, the work presented here is a significant step forwards towards a mechanistic functional-structural plant model, which integrates plant architecture with key plant processes.

[1]  H. Berge,et al.  Simulation of Ecophysiological Processes of Growth in Several Annual Crops , 1989 .

[2]  Christophe Godin,et al.  Functional-structural plant modelling. , 2005, The New phytologist.

[3]  B. Andrieu,et al.  Cessation of tillering in spring wheat in relation to light interception and red : far-red ratio. , 2006, Annals of botany.

[4]  D. Karlen,et al.  Light-mediated bioregulation of tillering and photosynthate partitioning in wheat , 1986 .

[5]  Ep Heuvelink,et al.  Dry Matter Partitioning in Tomato: Validation of a Dynamic Simulation Model , 1996 .

[6]  J. Hanan,et al.  Rice morphogenesis and plant architecture: measurement, specification and the reconstruction of structural development by 3D architectural modelling. , 2005, Annals of botany.

[7]  B. Andrieu,et al.  Adel-maize: an l-system based model for the integration of growth processes from the organ to the ca , 1999 .

[8]  A Darwinkel,et al.  Patterns of tillering and grain production of winter wheat at a wide range of plant densities. , 1978 .

[9]  D. Luquet,et al.  EcoMeristem, a model of morphogenesis and competition among sinks in rice. 2. Simulating genotype responses to phosphorus deficiency. , 2006, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[10]  P. Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Virtual plants: new perspectives for ecologists, pathologists and agricultural scientists , 1996 .

[11]  Xinyou Yin,et al.  Crop Systems Dynamics: An Ecophysiological Simulation Model for Genotype-By-Environment Interactions , 2005 .

[12]  Qiang Yu,et al.  Simulation of leaf photosynthesis of winter wheat on Tibetan Plateau and in North China Plain , 2002 .

[13]  D. Sparkes,et al.  Does light quality initiate tiller death in wheat , 2006 .

[14]  Ottoline Leyser,et al.  The control of shoot branching: an example of plant information processing. , 2009, Plant, cell & environment.

[15]  R. Rabbinge,et al.  Dynamics of Vertical Leaf Nitrogen Distribution in a Vegetative Wheat Canopy. Impact on Canopy Photosynthesis , 2000 .

[16]  P. Prusinkiewicz,et al.  3D Architectural Modelling of Aerial Photomorphogenesis in White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) using L-systems , 2000 .

[17]  Paul C. Struik,et al.  Functional-Structural Plant Modelling in Crop Production , 2007 .

[18]  Tino Dornbusch,et al.  Description and visualization of graminaceous plants with an organ-based 3D architectural model, exemplified for spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) , 2007, The Visual Computer.

[19]  J. Vos.  Effects of temperature and nitrogen supply on post-floral growth of wheat : measurements and simulations , 1981 .

[20]  Bruno Andrieu,et al.  Simulating the effects of localized red:far-red ratio on tillering in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) using a three-dimensional virtual plant model. , 2007, The New phytologist.

[21]  Jan Vos,et al.  A flexible sigmoid function of determinate growth. , 2003, Annals of botany.

[22]  D. Pury,et al.  Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big‐leaf models , 1997 .

[23]  J. R. Evans,et al.  Temperature response of mesophyll conductance in cultivated and wild Oryza species with contrasting mesophyll cell wall thickness. , 2011, Plant, cell & environment.

[24]  G. Buck-Sorlin,et al.  A rule-based model of barley morphogenesis, with special respect to shading and gibberellic acid signal transduction. , 2007, Annals of botany.

[25]  L. A. Hunt,et al.  GUMCAS: a model describing the growth of cassava (Manihot esculenta L. Crantz) , 1994 .

[26]  J. Berry,et al.  A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species , 1980, Planta.

[27]  Abraham J. Escobar-Gutiérrez,et al.  A study of ryegrass architecture as a self-regulated system, using functional-structural plant modelling. , 2008, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[28]  Jorge J Casal,et al.  Shade Avoidance , 2012, The arabidopsis book.

[29]  Loïc Pagès,et al.  GRAAL-CN: A model of GRowth, Architecture and ALlocation for Carbon and Nitrogen dynamics within whole plants formalised at the organ level , 2007 .

[30]  P. Struik,et al.  C3 and C4 photosynthesis models: An overview from the perspective of crop modelling , 2009 .

[31]  B. Andrieu,et al.  Simulation of the three-dimensional distribution of the red:far-red ratio within crop canopies. , 2007, The New phytologist.

[32]  B. Andrieu,et al.  Functional-structural plant modelling: a new versatile tool in crop science. , 2010, Journal of experimental botany.

[33]  S. Simmons,et al.  Modulation of leaf elongation, tiller appearance and tiller senescence in spring barley by far‐red light , 1993 .

[34]  J. Casal.  Light quality effects on the appearance of tillers of different order in wheat (Triticum aestivum) , 1988 .

[35]  Bruno Andrieu,et al.  The nested radiosity model for the distribution of light within plant canopies , 1998 .

[36]  W. Diepenbrock,et al.  Photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model LEAFC3-N: specification for barley, generalised nitrogen relations, and aspects of model application. , 2008, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[37]  P. de Reffye,et al.  Parameter optimization and field validation of the functional-structural model GREENLAB for maize. , 2006, Annals of botany.

[38]  D. Luquet,et al.  EcoMeristem, a model of morphogenesis and competition among sinks in rice. 1. Concept, validation and sensitivity analysis. , 2006, Functional plant biology : FPB.

[39]  Roger Sylvester-Bradley,et al.  Physiological Processes Associated with Wheat Yield Progress in the UK , 2005, Crop Science.

[40]  Xiaopeng Zhang,et al.  Plant growth modelling and applications: the increasing importance of plant architecture in growth models. , 2007, Annals of botany.

[41]  J. Goudriaan,et al.  Modelling Potential Crop Growth Processes , 1994, Current Issues in Production Ecology.

[42]  Estela Magbujos Pasuquin,et al.  Transplanting young seedlings in irrigated rice fields: Early and high tiller production enhanced grain yield , 2008 .

[43]  Xinyou Yin,et al.  Using combined measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence to estimate parameters of a biochemical C photosynthesis model: a critical appraisal and a new integrated approach applied to leaves in a wheat (Triticum aestivum) canopy. , 2009, Plant, cell & environment.

[44]  Manfred Nagl,et al.  Applications of Graph Transformations with Industrial Relevance , 2004, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[45]  Paul C. Struik,et al.  An architectural model of spring wheat: Evaluation of the effects of population density and shading on model parameterization and performance , 2007 .

[46]  Philippe de Reffye,et al.  Environmental and genetic control of morphogenesis in crops: towards models simulating phenotypic plasticity , 2005 .

[47]  J. Monteith,et al.  Principles of Environmental Physics , 2014 .

[48]  B. Andrieu,et al.  Towards a generic architectural model of tillering in Gramineae, as exemplified by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). , 2005, The New phytologist.

[49]  Xinyou Yin,et al.  Extension of a biochemical model for the generalized stoichiometry of electron transport limited C3 photosynthesis , 2004 .

[50]  R. Langer,et al.  Growth and Development of the Wheat Tiller. II. The Dynamics of Tiller Growth , 1975 .

[51]  Bruno Andrieu,et al.  ADEL-Wheat: a 3D Architectural Model of wheat development , 2003 .

[52]  P. C. Struik,et al.  Virtual roses: a new tool to optimize plant architecture in glasshouse rose production systems. , 2007 .

[53]  Jim Hanan,et al.  A canopy architectural model to study the competitive ability of chickpea with sowthistle. , 2008, Annals of botany.

[54]  J. Goudriaan,et al.  ON APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS OF THE WAGENINGEN CROP MODELS , 2003 .

[55]  Susanne von Caemmerer,et al.  Temperature Response of Mesophyll Conductance. Implications for the Determination of Rubisco Enzyme Kinetics and for Limitations to Photosynthesis in Vivo , 2002, Plant Physiology.

[56]  J. Porter,et al.  A comparison of the models AFRCWHEAT2, CERES-Wheat, Sirius, SUCROS2 and SWHEAT with measurements from wheat grown under drought , 1998 .

[57]  B. Andrieu,et al.  Functional-structural modelling of Gramineae , 2007 .

[58]  S. C. Tripathi,et al.  Lodging behavior and yield potential of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): effects of ethephon and genotypes , 2004 .