Methods for measurement of intracellular magnesium: NMR and fluorescence.

Accurate and reproducible methods for the measurement of cytosolic free magnesium ion concentration, Mgj, are required in order to assess its physiologic role. This review covers two methods, in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescence spectroscopy, which have provided useful means for the determin�ation of Mgj. The first section contains a general discussion of the extraction of Mgj values from NMR or fluorescence data for magnesium ion chelators. Subsequent sections cover the use of endogenous NMR magnesium chelators, exogenous NMR Mgj indicators, and fluorescent Mgj indicators. Two recent reviews (2, 15) covered Mgj determinations based on ATP measurements, but did not cQver more recently developed fluorinated or fluorescent indicators. Other methods are covered in References 2 and 34. With the availability of new Mgj indicators, our understanding of the role of magnesium in metabolic regulation and in the etiology of disease will un­ doubtedly increase in the near future.

[1]  R. London,et al.  Cytosolic free magnesium levels in ischemic rat heart. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[2]  G. Painter,et al.  31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of the metabolic pools of adenosine triphosphate in cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  P R Luyten,et al.  Broadband proton decoupling in human 31p NMR spectroscopy , 1989, NMR in biomedicine.

[4]  R. London,et al.  A fluorescent indicator for measuring cytosolic free magnesium. , 1989, The American journal of physiology.

[5]  P. Morris,et al.  Ca2+ transient, Mg2+, and pH measurements in the cardiac cycle by 19F NMR. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[6]  J. Bock,et al.  Further studies on alterations in magnesium binding during cold storage of erythrocytes. , 1988, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[7]  R. London,et al.  NMR observability of ATP: preferential depletion of cytosolic ATP during ischemia in perfused rat liver. , 1988, Biochemistry.

[8]  H. Sigel.  Isomeric equilibria in complexes of adenosine 5'-triphosphate with divalent metal ions. Solution structures of M(ATP)2- complexes. , 1987, European journal of biochemistry.

[9]  F. Alvarez-Leefmans,et al.  Intracellular free magnesium in excitable cells: its measurement and its biologic significance. , 1987, Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology.

[10]  T. Brown,et al.  31P NMR spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and free Mg2+ of rabbit bladder and uterine smooth muscle. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[11]  B. Corkey,et al.  Regulation of free and bound magnesium in rat hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[12]  G. Radda,et al.  The metabolic state of the rat liver in vivo measured by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. , 1986, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[13]  D. Garfinkel,et al.  Calculation of free-Mg2+ concentration in adenosine 5'-triphosphate containing solutions in vitro and in vivo. , 1984, Biochemistry.

[14]  R. Hesketh,et al.  Intracellular calcium measurements by 19F NMR of fluorine-labeled chelators. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  S. Ogawa,et al.  Proton stoichiometry of adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis in rat liver mitochondria studied by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. , 1982, Biochemistry.

[16]  R. S. Eliot,et al.  Measurement of free magnesium in perfused and ischemic arrested heart muscle. A quantitative phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance and multiequilibria analysis. , 1981, Biochemistry.

[17]  A. Scarpa,et al.  In situ measurements of free cytosolic magnesium ions. , 1981, Federation proceedings.

[18]  R Y Tsien,et al.  New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures. , 1980, Biochemistry.

[19]  R. Gupta,et al.  Noninvasive 31P NMR probes of free Mg2+, MgATP, and MgADP in intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. , 1980, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  J. Benovic,et al.  Magnetic resonance studies of the binding of ATP and cations to human hemoglobin. , 1978, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[21]  M. Roux,et al.  Interaction of Mg2+ ions with nucleoside triphosphates by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. , 1975, Nucleic acids research.

[22]  R. Alberty.  Standard Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes as a function of pH and pMg for several reactions involving adenosine phosphates. , 1969, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[23]  H. Murata,et al.  Interaction of adenosine 5'-triphosphate with Mg2+: vibrational study of coordination sites by use of 18O-labeled triphosphates , 1988 .

[24]  R. Gupta,et al.  On the noninvasive measurement of intracellular free magnesium by 31P NMR spectroscopy. , 1983, Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR.

[25]  W. O'Sullivan,et al.  Stability constants for biologically important metal-ligand complexes. , 1979, Methods in enzymology.

[26]  T. R. Hughes,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of adenosine di- and triphosphate. II. Effect of complexing with divalent metal ions. , 1962, The Journal of biological chemistry.