A review of Integrated Vehicle Health Management tools for legacy platforms: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) comprises a set of tools, technologies and techniques for automated detection, diagnosis and prognosis of faults in order to support platforms more efficiently. Specific challenges are faced when IVHM tools are to be retrofitted into legacy vehicles since major modifications are much more challenging than with platforms whose design can still be modified. The topics covered in this Review Paper include the state of the art of IVHM tools and how their characteristics match the requirements of legacy aircraft, a summary of problems faced in the past trying to retrofit IVHM tools both from a technical and organisational perspective and the current level of implementation of IVHM in industry. Although the technology has not reached the level necessary to implement IVHM to its full potential on every kind of component, significant progress has been achieved on rotating equipment, structures or electronics. Attempts to retrofit some of these tools in the past faced both technical difficulties and opposition by some stakeholders, the later being responsible for the failure of technically sound projects in more than one occasion. Nevertheless, despite these difficulties, products and services based on IVHM technology have started to be offered by the manufacturers and, what is more important, demanded by the operators, providing guidance on what the industry would demand from IVHM on legacy aircraft.

[1]  Nesrin Sarigul-Klijn,et al.  A review of uncertainty in flight vehicle structural damage monitoring, diagnosis and control: Challenges and opportunities , 2010 .

[2]  Philippe Weber,et al.  Process model-based Dynamic Bayesian Networks for Prognostic , 2004 .

[3]  G. Feng,et al.  A Survey on Analysis and Design of Model-Based Fuzzy Control Systems , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems.

[4]  Victor A. Skormin,et al.  Data mining technology for failure prognostic of avionics , 2002 .

[5]  P. S. Heyns,et al.  USING VIBRATION MONITORING FOR LOCAL FAULT DETECTION ON GEARS OPERATING UNDER FLUCTUATING LOAD CONDITIONS , 2002 .

[6]  S. Abdelwahed,et al.  Notions of Diagnosability for Timed Failure Propagation Graphs , 2006, 2006 IEEE Autotestcon.

[7]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Statistical Pattern Recognition: A Review , 2000, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[8]  H. Azzam,et al.  Smith Industries HUMS: changing the M from monitoring to management , 2000, 2000 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.00TH8484).

[9]  Sohair F. Rezeka,et al.  A hierarchical neuro-fuzzy system for identification of simultaneous faults in hydraulic servovalves , 2003, Proceedings of the 2003 American Control Conference, 2003..

[10]  S. D. Probert,et al.  Gas-turbine diagnostics using artificial neural-networks for a high bypass ratio military turbofan engine , 2004 .

[11]  C.S. Byington,et al.  Data-driven neural network methodology to remaining life predictions for aircraft actuator components , 2004, 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720).

[12]  Robert F. Stengel,et al.  Toward intelligent flight control , 1993, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[13]  P.A. Scandura,et al.  Integrated Vehicle Health Management as a system engineering discipline , 2005, 24th Digital Avionics Systems Conference.

[14]  A. Hess,et al.  Challenges, Issues, and Lessons Learned Chasing the “ Big P”: Real Predictive Prognostics Part 2 , 2006, 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[15]  Youmin Zhang,et al.  Bibliographical review on reconfigurable fault-tolerant control systems , 2003, Annu. Rev. Control..

[16]  C. S. Dyer,et al.  Cosmic Radiation Effects on Avionics , 1999 .

[17]  R. X. Gao,et al.  Sensor network and information interoperability integrating IEEE 1451 with MIMOSA and OSA-CBM , 2002, IMTC/2002. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IEEE Cat. No.00CH37276).

[18]  S. R. Hunt,et al.  Validation of the Eurofighter Typhoon structural health and usage monitoring system , 2001 .

[19]  Philippe Weber,et al.  DYNAMIC BAYESIAN NETWORKS IN SYSTEM RELIABILITY ANALYSIS , 2006 .

[20]  M. Fawzi,et al.  Development of an expert system to fault diagnosis of three phase induction motor drive system , 2008, 2008 12th International Middle-East Power System Conference.

[21]  Yves Dutuit,et al.  Dependability modelling and evaluation by using stochastic Petri nets: application to two test cases , 1997 .

[22]  J.D. Boskovic,et al.  Retrofit reconfigurable flight control in the presence of control effector damage , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005, American Control Conference, 2005..

[23]  K. Datta,et al.  A methodology to quantify some IVHM requirements during RLV conceptual design , 2004, Annual Symposium Reliability and Maintainability, 2004 - RAMS.

[24]  François M. Hemez,et al.  Overview of Uncertainty Assessment for Structural Health Monitoring , 2001 .

[25]  Sankalita Saha,et al.  Metrics for Offline Evaluation of Prognostic Performance , 2021, International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management.

[26]  P.A. Scandura,et al.  A unified system to provide crew alerting, electronic checklists and maintenance using IVHM , 2004, The 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37576).

[27]  Sophie Bloch-Mercier,et al.  Optimal restarting distribution after repair for a Markov deteriorating system , 2001 .

[28]  Naira Hovakimyan,et al.  L1 Adaptive Controller for Tailless Unstable Aircraft , 2007, 2007 American Control Conference.

[29]  Mustapha Ouladsine,et al.  Actuators Fault Diagnosis and Tolerant Control for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications.

[30]  H. Azzam,et al.  A route for qualifying/certifying an affordable structural prognostic health management (SPHM) system , 2004, 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720).

[31]  K. Keller,et al.  Health ready systems , 2007, 2007 IEEE Autotestcon.

[32]  H. Azzam,et al.  FUMS/spl trade/ artificial intelligence technologies including fuzzy logic for automatic decision making , 2005, NAFIPS 2005 - 2005 Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society.

[33]  R. Beshears,et al.  Designing for health: a methodology for integrated diagnostics/prognostics , 2005, IEEE Autotestcon, 2005..

[34]  Geneviève Dauphin-Tanguy,et al.  Bond graph models of structured parameter uncertainties , 2005, J. Frankl. Inst..

[35]  Subhash C. Bagui,et al.  Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms , 2005, Technometrics.

[36]  Nina F. Thornhill,et al.  Automatic generation of bond graph models of process plants , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation.

[37]  Tim Baines,et al.  State-of-the-art in integrated vehicle health management , 2009 .

[38]  Larry Howard.  An algorithm for diagnostic reasoning using TFPG models in embedded real-time applications , 2001, 2001 IEEE Autotestcon Proceedings. IEEE Systems Readiness Technology Conference. (Cat. No.01CH37237).

[39]  Daming Lin,et al.  A review on machinery diagnostics and prognostics implementing condition-based maintenance , 2006 .

[40]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Independence, Measurement Complexity, and Classification Performance , 1975, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[41]  Xiaoli Ma,et al.  Adaptive state feedback and tracking control of systems with actuator failures , 2001, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control..

[42]  C. Reisig,et al.  An architecture to implement Integrated Vehicle Health Management systems , 2001, 2001 IEEE Autotestcon Proceedings. IEEE Systems Readiness Technology Conference. (Cat. No.01CH37237).

[43]  Youmin Zhang,et al.  Integrated active fault-tolerant control using IMM approach , 2001 .

[44]  Gary Smith,et al.  Logistics for the Joint Strike Fighter-It Ain't Business as Usual , 1999 .

[45]  Chao Sima,et al.  The peaking phenomenon revisited: The case with feature selection , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Workshop on Genomic Signal Processing and Statistics.

[46]  K.M. Janasak,et al.  Diagnostics To Prognostics - A Product Availability Technology Evolution , 2007, 2007 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium.

[47]  Jakob Stoustrup,et al.  Integration of Control and Fault Detection: Nominal and Robust Design 1 , 1997 .

[48]  P. Mosterman,et al.  A theory of discontinuities in physical system models , 1998 .

[49]  Steven Y. Liang,et al.  STOCHASTIC PROGNOSTICS FOR ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS , 2000 .

[50]  S. Abdelwahed,et al.  Practical applications of timed failure propagation graphs for vehicle diagnosis , 2007, 2007 IEEE Autotestcon.

[51]  Frank L. Greitzer,et al.  Embedded Prognostics Health Monitoring , 2002 .

[52]  G. Dauphin-Tanguy,et al.  Robust Fault Diagnosis by Using Bond Graph Approach , 2007, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[53]  Joseph Mathew,et al.  Rotating machinery prognostics. State of the art, challenges and opportunities , 2009 .

[54]  P. Walley.  Statistical Reasoning with Imprecise Probabilities , 1990 .

[55]  Jingjie Chen,et al.  Research on Embedded Airborne Electronic Equipment Fault Diagnosis Expert System , 2010, 2010 2nd International Conference on Information Engineering and Computer Science.

[56]  Yilu Liu,et al.  Discriminant function for insulation fault diagnosis of power transformers using genetic programming and co-evolution , 2005, Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 2005. (ISEIM 2005)..

[57]  Albert H. C. Tsang,et al.  Condition-based maintenance: tools and decision making , 1995 .

[58]  Ming J. Zuo,et al.  Optimal design of series-parallel systems considering maintenance and salvage value , 2001 .

[59]  J. Dunsdon,et al.  The Application of Open System Architecture for Condition Based Maintenance to Complete IVHM , 2008, 2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[60]  K. Keller,et al.  Implications of an open system approach to vehicle health management , 2004, 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720).

[61]  Gabor Karsai,et al.  An evolvable tri-reasoner IVHM system , 2001, 2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8542).

[62]  Xinmin Wang,et al.  Aircraft fuel system diagnostic fault detection through expert system , 2008, 2008 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation.

[63]  Frank L. Lewis,et al.  Intelligent Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis for Engineering Systems , 2006 .

[64]  H. Azzam,et al.  Optimisation of Fusion and Decision Making Techniques for Affordable SPHM , 2006, 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[65]  J. Lee.  A framework for Web-enabled e-maintenance systems , 2001, Proceedings Second International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing.

[66]  M. P. Zachos,et al.  Bridging design and implementation for a more practical condition-based maintenance plus (CBM+) solution embedded vehicle diagnostics on the mini-vehicle computer system (VCS) , 2011, IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine.

[67]  Jim Austin,et al.  Novelty detection in airframe strain data , 2000, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000.

[68]  Zoubin Ghahramani,et al.  Learning Dynamic Bayesian Networks , 1997, Summer School on Neural Networks.

[69]  K. Goebel,et al.  Metrics for evaluating performance of prognostic techniques , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management.

[70]  S.M. Fakhraie,et al.  Behavioral Fault Model for Neural Networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology.

[71]  Jim Austin,et al.  Neural networks for novelty detection in airframe strain data , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE-INNS-ENNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IJCNN 2000. Neural Computing: New Challenges and Perspectives for the New Millennium.

[72]  Jan M. Maciejowski,et al.  Modelling and predictive control: Enabling technologies for reconfiguration , 1999 .

[73]  P. D. McFadden,et al.  Detecting Fatigue Cracks in Gears by Amplitude and Phase Demodulation of the Meshing Vibration , 1986 .

[74]  T.J. Wilmering,et al.  Assessing the impact of health management approaches on system total cost of ownership , 2005, 2005 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[75]  A. B. Rad,et al.  Bond graph simulations of electrical systems , 1998, Proceedings of EMPD '98. 1998 International Conference on Energy Management and Power Delivery (Cat. No.98EX137).

[76]  Jon C. Helton,et al.  Challenge Problems : Uncertainty in System Response Given Uncertain Parameters ( DRAFT : November 29 , 2001 ) , 2001 .

[77]  Benoît Iung,et al.  Formalisation of a new prognosis model for supporting proactive maintenance implementation on industrial system , 2008, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[78]  I. Hausladen,et al.  E-maintenance platform as a basis for business process integration , 2004, 2nd IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2004. INDIN '04. 2004.

[79]  Kirby Keller,et al.  Integrating health management into legacy platforms , 2009, 2009 IEEE Aerospace conference.

[80]  Abhinav Saxena,et al.  A diagnostic approach for electro-mechanical actuators in aerospace systems , 2009, 2009 IEEE Aerospace conference.

[81]  N. Zerhouni,et al.  Process of s-maintenance: decision support system for maintenance intervention , 2005, 2005 IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation.

[82]  N. Rieckmann.  ARINC 629 data bus physical layer technology , 1997, Microprocess. Microsystems.

[83]  Gabor Karsai,et al.  Real-time fault diagnostics , 1991, IEEE Expert.

[84]  Thomas J. Gormley,et al.  Informed maintenance for next generation reusable launch systems , 2001 .

[85]  Guillaume Ducard,et al.  Fault-tolerant Flight Control and Guidance Systems: Practical Methods for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles , 2009 .

[86]  David H. Lehman,et al.  Results from the Deep Space 1 technology validation mission , 2000 .

[87]  T. Dabney,et al.  PHM a key enabler for the JSF autonomic logistics support concept , 2004, 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720).

[88]  T.J. Wilmering,et al.  Model-driven development of integrated health management architectures , 2004, 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720).

[89]  J. Dunsdon,et al.  An Open System Architecture for Condition Based Maintenance Overview , 2007, 2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[90]  Z. Williams.  Benefits of IVHM: an analytical approach , 2006, 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[91]  Tomasz Imielinski,et al.  Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases , 1993, SIGMOD Conference.

[92]  Noureddine Zerhouni,et al.  Cooperative systems modeling, example of a cooperative e-maintenance system , 2005, 2005 International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation.

[93]  Padhraic Smyth,et al.  From Data Mining to Knowledge Discovery in Databases , 1996, AI Mag..

[94]  T. Brotherton,et al.  Anomaly detection for advanced military aircraft using neural networks , 2001, 2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8542).

[95]  J. R. Chambers,et al.  Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990's , 2012 .